The hypothesis of no significant difference in the multivariate location within groups was tested using the trace statistic based on 9999 permutations [33]. The permutation test performed correctly assigns ca. 90% of the samples. Acknowledgements This Selleckchem BMN-673 work was supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, project

“”Pasta alimentare: Miglioramento della qualita’ tecnologica e riduzione dell’intolleranza alimentare al glutine-Qualitech-Pasta”" 7134. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Concentration (ppm) of volatile organic compounds (VOC) of faecal and urine samples as determined by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry/solid-phase microextraction (GC-MS/SPME) analysis. (DOC 255 KB) References 1. Tye-Din J, Anderson R: Immunopathogenesis of celiac disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008, 10:458–465.PubMedCrossRef 2. Vilppula A, Kaukinen K, Luostarinen L, Krekelä I, Patrikainen H, Valve R, Mäki M, Collin P: Increasing prevalence LCZ696 cost and high incidence of celiac disease in elderly people: a population-based study. BMC Gastroenterol 2009, 9:49.PubMedCrossRef 3. Fasano A, Catassi C: Coeliac disease in children. Best Pract Res Cl Ga 2005, 19:467–478.CrossRef 4. Cosnes J, Cellier C, Viola S, Colombel J, Michaud L, Sarles J, Hugot J, Ginies J, Dabadies

A, Mouterde O, Allea M, Nion-Lameurier I, the group De’Tude Et De Recherche Sur La Maladie Coeliaque: Incidence of autoimmune diseases in celiac disease: protective effect of the gluten-free diet. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 6:753–758.PubMedCrossRef 5. Malandrino N, Capristo E, Farneti S, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, Addolorato G, Gasbarrini G: Metabolic and nutritional features in adult celiac patients. Dig Dis 2008, 26:128–133.PubMedCrossRef 6. Forsberg Sunitinib molecular weight G, Fahlgren A, Horstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML: Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood coeliac disease. Am J Gastroenterol

2004, 99:894–904.PubMedCrossRef 7. Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M: Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of coeliac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101:2333–2340.PubMedCrossRef 8. Nadal I, Donant E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Epacadostat cell line Calabuig M, Sanz Y: Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with celiac disease. J Med Microbiol 2007, 56:1669–1674.PubMedCrossRef 9. Sanz Y, Sànchez E, Marzotto M, Calabuig M, Torrioni S, Dell’Aglio F: Differences in faecal bacterial communities in coeliac and healthy children as detected by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. FEMS Immunol Med Mic 2007, 51:562–568.CrossRef 10. Di Cagno R, Rizzello CG, Gagliardi F, Ricciuti P, Ndagijimana M, Francavilla R, Guerzoni ME, Crecchio C, Gobbetti M, De Angelis M: Different fecal microbiotas and volatile organic compounds in treated and untreated children with celiac disease.

The tree was inferred using maximum likelihood analysis of aligned 16S rRNA gene sequences with bootstrap values from 100 replicates. Box indicates dominant phylotype. Figure S6. Phylogenetic affiliation of the top 20 most selleck screening library abundant Proteobacteria phylotypes identified as sulfur/sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) from each biofilm: top pipe (TP, gray) and bottom pipe (BP, black). Clones were identified Trichostatin A by genus (*family) and percentage of each representative sequence in their respective libraries is provided in the brackets. The tree was inferred using maximum likelihood analysis of aligned 16S rRNA gene sequences with bootstrap values from 100 replicates. Box indicates dominant phylotype Figure

S7. Relative abundance of taxonomic groups based on MEGAN analysis of protein families associated with the sulfur pathway. Each circle is scaled logarithmically to represent the number of reads that were assigned to each taxonomic group. Wastewater biofilms: top pipe (TP, white) and bottom pipe (BP, black). EC = Enzyme Commission

number. Figure S8. Relative abundance of taxonomic groups based on MEGAN analysis of protein families associated with the nitrogen pathway. Each circle is scaled logarithmically to represent the number EPZ004777 of reads that were assigned to each taxonomic group. Wastewater biofilms: top pipe (TP, white) and bottom pipe (BP, black). EC = Enzyme Commission number. (PDF 1008 KB) References 1. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency): State of Technology Review Report on Rehabilitation of Wastewater Collection and Water Distribution Systems. EPA/600/R-09/048. Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati,

OH; 2009. 2. USEPA (United Amrubicin States Environmental Protection Agency): Wastewater collection system infrastructure research needs. EPA/600/JA-02/226. USEPA Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ; 2002. 3. Mori T, Nonaka T, Tazaki K, Koga M, Hikosaka Y, Noda S: Interactions of nutrients, moisture, and pH on microbial corrosion of concrete sewer pipes. Water Res 1992, 26:29–37.CrossRef 4. Vollertsen J, Nielsen AH, Jensen HS, Wium-Andersen T, Hvitved-Jacobsen T: Corrosion of concrete sewers-the kinetics of hydrogen sulfide oxidation. Sci Total Environ 2008, 394:162–170.PubMedCrossRef 5. Zhang L, De Schryver P, De Gusseme B, De Muynck W, Boon N, Verstraete W: Chemical and biological technologies for hydrogen sulfide emission control in sewer systems: a review. Water Res 2008, 42:1–12.PubMedCrossRef 6. Vincke E, Boon N, Verstraete W: Analysis of the microbial communities on corroded concrete sewer pipes – a case study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001, 57:776–785.PubMedCrossRef 7. Okabe S, Ito T, Satoh H: Sulfate-reducing bacterial community structure and their contribution to carbon mineralization in a wastewater biofilm growing under microaerophilic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003, 63:322–334.PubMedCrossRef 8.

(A, B) Following inoculation with normal saline, normal BIRB 796 corneal epithelium with many layers arranged in an orderly manner can be seen (A: ×50 magnification; B ×400 magnification). (C) After

infection with SF301, the corneal epithelium was thinner than that of the control, and vesicular changes (arrowheads) were observed (×100 magnification). (D) CUDC-907 manufacturer Corneal epithelial edema was observed (arrowheads; ×200 magnification). (E) Polymorphic nuclear neutrophilic activity was observed (arrowheads; ×200 magnification). (F) Corneal epithelial derangement and detachment were observed (arrowheads; ×200 magnificaiton). (G) After infection with SF301-∆ pic little damage was observed, but corneal epithelial hyperplasia was noted (arrowheads; ×200 magnification). (H) After infection with SF51, little damage was observed (×200 magnification). Discussion Shigella pathogenicity is a multigenic phenomenon involving the participation of genes on the unstable large virulence plasmid and chromosomal PAIs [12–14, 17, 28, 31–34]. Mobile genes encode key factors that help Shigella invade tissue and maintain its intracellular viability [13, 17, 35–38]. The pathogenicity of the strain decreases markedly once the mobile genes are deleted [4, 32, 33]. Several studies have been conducted to detect virulence genes in Shigella by mPCR, targeting ipaH, ial, and rfc or stx1 for serotype identification

[3, 5, 7, 39]. In 2005, Thong [5] first described a new mPCR system to detect S. flexneri 2a by targeting four virulence SGC-CBP30 genes (ipaH, ial, set1A and set1B). This mPCR system was able to determine, in a single reaction, whether genes related to pathogenesis of a particular Shigella strain are associated with the chromosome or plasmid, and whether the serotype of the particular strain can be grouped under S. flexneri 2a [4, 5]. In our present study, Thong’s mPCR system was modified to identify

S. flexneri 2a strains and their virulence using only three virulent genes (ipaH, ial, and set1B). We Pregnenolone omitted set1A from the mPCR system, as both set1B and set1A genes have been shown to exist in tandem on PAI-1 of the bacterial chromosome, and they share the same promoter [5, 21]. The low prevalence of ial (45/86, 52.3%) verifies that the cell-entry region on the large virulence plasmid of S. flexneri is prone to loss or deletion. The high prevalence of the set1B gene (69/86, 80.2%) verifies that in the rural regions of Zhengding, the isolated epidemic strain of Shigella was S. flexneri 2a. All of our mPCR results were confirmed by serological tests. We confirmed that comparable decreases in virulence occur following the deletion of essential elements in the large virulence plasmid (ipaH and set1B for SF68; and ipaH for SF36) [35–38]. A clinical SF51 isolate was found to retain ial but had lost set1B, and demonstrated an obvious decrease in HeLa cell invasion.

The samples were analyzed via electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels (Agarose LE, Promega) using a 100 bp DNA ladder (Gibco/BRL Life Technologies,

Breda, The Netherlands). E. faecium strain ATCC 51559 (vanA + ) and E. faecalis strain ATCC® 51299 (vanB + ) were used as controls in the PCR experiments [24]. Table 1 Primers sequences used in this study Gene Primer Sequence (5′ to 3′) Size (bp) Reference vanA vanA-F CATGAATAGAATAAAAGTTGCAATA 1,030 Alvocidib cell line (Clark et al., 1993) [23] vanA-R CCCCTTTAACGCTAATACGATCAA vanB vanB-F GTCACAAACCGGAGGCGAGGA 433 (Clark et al., 1993) [23] vanB-R CCGCCATCCTCCTGCAAAAAA esp Efm esp-F TTGCTAATGCTAGTCCACGACC 945 (Shankar et al., 1999) [25] esp-R GCGTCAACACTTGCATTGCCGA hyl Efm hyl-F

GAGTAGAGGAATATCTTAGC 661 (Rice et al., 2003) [14] hyl-R AGGCTCCAATTCTGT PCR screening for the esp and hyl genes DNA from bacterial cultures was extracted and amplified via PCR using primers for the esp Efm and hyl Efm genes (Table 1), generating bands of 954 bp and 661 bp, respectively [14, 25]. Molecular typing of VREF PFGE of the 12 VREF clinical isolates was carried out following the protocols of Morrison et al. [26, 27]. Briefly, the samples were digested with 50 U of SmaI (New England Biolab, Ipswich, MA, USA) for 4 h at 25°C. The digested plugs were separated via electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels (BioRad, Hercules, California, USA) using ultra-pure DNA agarose (BioRad, Hercules, California, USA), with 0.5X TBE as the running buffer in the CHEF MAPPER system (PCI32765 BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, California, Selleckchem Baf-A1 USA), run at 6 V/cm at 14°C under two different linear ramped pulse times: 1 to 10 s for 16 h and 10 to 40 s for 22 h. A PFGE lambda ladder (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, England, UK) was used as a molecular

weight marker, and the gels were stained for 40 m with 0.5 mg/ml of ethidium bromide for visualization under UV light. The obtained banding patterns were initially interpreted via visual inspection according to the criteria specified by Tenover et al. [28]. Cluster analysis was performed with BioNumerics (Applied Maths, Inc., Austin, TX, USA) using the DICE correlation coefficient and the unweighted pair group mathematical average algorithm (UPGMA) as the grouping acetylcholine method [29]. The PFGE pulsotypes of the 12 VREF clinical isolates were also genotyped through multilocus sequence typing (MLST) according to a standard protocol described by Homan et al. [17]. Fragments of seven housekeeping genes (atpA, ddl, gdh, purK, gyd, pstS and adk) were sequenced using a 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA), thus obtaining their allelic profiles, and the STs for each unique allelic profile were designated on the basis of information from the MLST website (http://​efaecium.​mlst.​net).

3 ± 8.9 (33-79) 0.019    Male/Female 46/3 20/1 26/2 1.000    Performance status, 0/1/2/unknown

24/20/4/1 11/7/2/1 13/13/2/0 0.579    Differentiation, well/moderate/poor/unknown 7/28/8/6 4/11/3/3 3/17/5/3 0.817    T1/T2/T3/T4 16/6/15/12 10/2/7/2 6/4/8/10 0.099    N0/N1 22/27 13/8 9/19 0.048    M0/M1a c) 41/8 20/1 21/7 0.115    Stage I/II/III/IV 12/10/19/8 7/7/6/1 5/3/13/7 0.048 2) Clinical outcome            Complete response 23 (46.9%) 16 (76.2%) 7 (25.0%) 0.0005    Grade 3/4 Leucopenia 21(42.9%) 9 (42.9%) 12 (42.9%) 1.000    Grade 3/4 Stomatitis 7 (14.3%) 4 (19.0%) 3 (10.7%) 0.443    Grade 3/4 Cheilitis 8 (16.3%) 4 (19.0%) 4 (14.3%) 0.710 a) Survival of 5 years or more vs. less than 5 years. b) The Autophagy Compound Library solubility dmso values are the mean ± SD, with the range in parentheses. c) Noncervical primary tumors with positive supraclavicular lymph nodes were defined as M1a. Figure 2 shows the association of clinical response with overall survival after the treatment with a definitive 5-FU/CDDP-based CRT in 49 patients with ESCC. The survival depended on the response, i.e., CR or non-CR (P = 0.001, Log-rank test). The plasma concentrations of 5-FU in the patients with a survival time of 5 years or more and with less than 5 years are indicated in Table 2. There was no difference of the 8-point PCI-34051 average values of plasma concentrations of 5-FU between the 2 groups (P = 0.536),

although the clinical response depended on; 0.124 ± 0.036 μg/mL for CR, 0.105 ± 0.030 μg/mL for non-CR (P = 0.043). Figure 3 shows the association of the 8-point average value with overall survival. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on an overall average of 0.114 μg/mL, and Crenolanib price again the effect

on overall survival was not confirm (P = 0.321, Log-rank test). The plasma concentrations of 5-FU in the patients with CR, but a survival period of less than 5 years, are listed in Table 3. The 8-point average of the concentrations tended to be higher than other subgroups (P = 0.226). Figure 2 Association of clinical response with overall survival in Japanese patients with esophageal Branched chain aminotransferase squamous cell carcinoma. Line: patients with a complete response (CR, N = 23), dotted line: patients not with a complete response (non-CR, N = 26). The survival depended on the response (P = 0.001, Log-rank test). Table 2 Plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (μg/mL) during a definitive 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in 49 Japanese patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Group Total Survival of 5 years or more Survival of less than 5 years P a) N 49 21 28   1st cycle/1st course Day 3, PM 5:00 0.109 ± 0.060 0.122 ± 0.080 0.100 ± 0.041 0.294   Day 4, AM 5:00 0.076 ± 0.040 0.088 ± 0.044 0.068 ± 0.036 0.097 2nd cycle/1st course Day 10, PM 5:00 0.150 ± 0.074 0.137 ± 0.071 0.158 ± 0.077 0.357   Day 11, AM 5:00 0.134 ± 0.047 0.132 ± 0.048 0.136 ± 0.047 0.798 1st cycle/2nd course Day 38, PM 5:00 0.102 ± 0.056 0.097 ± 0.067 0.105 ± 0.049 0.676   Day 39, AM 5:00 0.076 ± 0.041 0.077 ± 0.042 0.076 ± 0.

Fermentable sugars (■) and dextrins (▲) are shown in g/l, and ethanol (●) is shown in % (v/v). Values are means for two biological PI3K inhibitor replicate fermentations and error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). Table 1 Properties of brewed beers and wort Beer Sugar content (g/l) Protein concentration (mg/ml) Ethanol % (v/v) Fermentable Dextrins WPL001 7.8 ± 3.0 28.7 ±1.8 0.42 ± 0.01 6.4 ± 0.2 KVL011 0.0 ± 0 30.2 ±1.7 0.29 ± 0.05 6.7 ± 0.3 Wort 88.0 ± 2.2 34.21 ± 1.9 0.49 ± 0.01 0.0 ± 0 Figure 2 Acidification and cell

division during 2 L beer fermentations with ale brewer’s yeast strains WLP001 (●) and KVL011 (■). pH is represented with filled symbols and OD600 with open symbols. Values are means for two biological replicate fermentations and error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). For both yeast strains, the pH dropped from 5.5 to 4.1 (Figure 2) and the ethanol concentration increased selleck products from 0 to 6.4-6.7% (v/v)

SN-38 purchase (Figure 1, Table 1) after 60 hours of fermentation. Furthermore, a decrease in the protein concentration was observed during fermentation. In the beginning of the fermentation, the wort contained 0.50 mg/ml, while in the final beer the protein concentration was 0.42 and 0.29 mg/ml for beers brewed with yeast strain WLP001 and KVL011, respectively (Table 1). The ethanol and protein concentrations between the two beers were not significantly different (Figure 1, Table 1). Protein identification Proteins from the unfermented wort and the two beers were separated by 2-DE to estimate differences in protein composition,

caused by different yeast strains during the fermentation process with the unfermented wort as a reference (Figure 3). All distinct protein spots from each proteome were analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS or MS/MS. From the 90 distinct protein spots picked, we identified 66 spots that originated from 10 unique proteins. The most dominant proteins found in wort and beer were identified as protein Z, LTP1 and the barley-derived inhibitors pUP13, CMe, CMa and BDAI-I (Figure 3, Table 2). LTP1 was identified in four Progesterone discrete protein spots with a pI ranging from 6.3 to 9.1 in wort (Figure 3; spot A22, A24, A25, A26), as compared to five locations in the WLP001 and KVL011 beers (Figure 3; spot B21, B23, B24, B25, B26, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26). A fragment of the barley storage protein D-hordein was only detected in wort (Figure 3; spot A18, Table 2). Figure 3 2-DE gel protein profiles of wort (A) and beer fermented with WLP001 (B) or KVL011 (C). Black and two arrow heads (B1 and C5) indicate protein spots subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS and MS/MS analysis, respectively. Table 2 List of beer proteins identified by MALDI-TOF-MS and MS/MS       Theoretical values         Spot ID Protein name Accession no. Mr(Da) pI Scorea Sequence coverage (%) No. of peptide MS/MS (sequnece of matched peptides)b A6 Protein Z-type serpin gi|1310677 43307 5.

/macrolepiota clade and /macrosporae clade mainly correspond to the current infra-generic classification proposed by Bon (1996). Considering the species with a volva form a well-supported /volvatae clade (Clade 1), we propose a new section to accommodate Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor the species with a volva within Macrolepiota. Macrolepiota sect. Volvatae Z. W. Ge, Zhu L. Yang & Vellinga, sect. nov. MycoBank: MB 518351 Stipes basi marginatus-bulbosus, volvatus,

Basidiospora parvula, 15.5 μm minus. Fibulae absentes. Stipe with a volva at the base, annulus simple or only thickening at the edge of the annulus or only somewhat reflexed near the annulus margin, basidiospores less than 15.5 μm in length, clamp connections absent. Type species: Macrolepiota velosa Vellinga & Zhu.

L. Yang in Mycotaxon 85: 184 (2003). Other species included in this section are Macrolepiota pulchella de Meijer & Vellinga, M. eucharis Vellinga & Halling and M. brunnescens Vellinga. Acknowledgements Z. W. Ge would like to thank Dr. D. S. Hibbett (Clark University, USA) for allowing him to generate some sequences in his lab, and Prof. D. H. Pfister for support during his stay in the Harvard University Herbaria. The authors are very grateful to Dr. Selleckchem FHPI C. L. Hou for sending the type material and image of Macrolepiota detersa. Thanks are also due to Dr. T.H. Li, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology (GDGM), and Dr. Y. J. Yao, Institute of Microbiology, AZD3965 cell line Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS) for allowing us access to the relevant specimens in their herbaria. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants No. 30800004), the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (No. 2008CD164), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2008FY110300), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Yunnan Provincial Government (No. U0836604) the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy

of Sciences, for and the National Key Technology R & D Program (No. 2008BADA1B00). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References Bellù F (1984) Contributo al genere Macrolepiota Singer-2. Bollettino Gruppo Micologico G. Bresadola 27(1–2):5–20 Bi ZS, Zheng GY, Li TH (1994) Macrofungus Flora of Guangdong Province. Guangdong Science and Technology, Guangdong, p 879, in Chinese Bi ZS, Li TH, Zhang WM, Song B (1997) A preliminary agaric flora of Hainan Province. Guangdong Higher Education, Guangzhou, p 388, in Chinese Bon M (1996) Die Großpilzflora von Europa 3. Lepiotaceae (übersetzt und bearbeitet von F. Medjebeur-Thrun F., Thrun WU). Eching: IHW-Verlag Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 4. Agarics 2nd part.

The BioNumerics software used the Dice similarity coefficient to generate

the UPGMA dendrograms presented in this study with Dice parameters: Optimization (Opt): 1.00%, Tolerance (Tol). 0.25% – 0.25% for the reference strains, and Opt: 1.00%, Tol. 0.55% – 0.55% for the 36 V. vulnificus and 36 V. parahaemolyticus strains. Acknowledgements click here This project was supported by an appointment of MH to the Research Fellowship Program for the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition administered by the Oak Ridge Associated Universities. The authors wish to thank Dr. González-Escalona for sharing his V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus strains and for his insights in this study. References 1. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV: Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect SIS3 Dis 1999,5(6):841–842.PubMedCrossRef 2. Thompson FL, Iida T, Swings J: Biodiversity of vibrios. selleck chemical Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004,68(3):403–431.PubMedCrossRef

3. Gomez-Gil B, Thompson FL, Thompson CC, Garcia-Gasca A, Roque A, Swings J: Vibrio hispanicus sp. nov., isolated from Artemia sp. and sea water in Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004,54(Pt 1):261–265.PubMedCrossRef 4. Sawabe T, Fujimura Y, Niwa K, Aono H: Vibrio comitans sp. nov., Vibrio rarus sp. nov. and Vibrio inusitatus sp. nov., from the gut of the abalones Haliotis discus discus , H. gigantea , H. madaka and H. rufescens . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007,57(Pt 5):916–922.PubMedCrossRef 5. Chang HW, Roh SW, Kim KH, Nam YD, Jeon CO, Oh HM, Bae JW: Vibrio areninigrae sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from black sand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008,58(Pt 8):1903–1906.PubMedCrossRef 6. Beaz Hidalgo R, Cleenwerck I, Balboa S, De Wachter M, Thompson FL, Swings J, De Vos P, Romalde JL: Diversity of Vibrios associated with reared clams in Galicia (NW Spain). Syst Appl Microbiol 2008,31(3):215–222.PubMedCrossRef 7. Gomez-Gil B, Soto-Rodriguez S, Garcia-Gasca A, Roque A, Vazquez-Juarez R, Thompson FL, Swings J: Molecular identification

AMP deaminase of Vibrio harveyi -related isolates associated with diseased aquatic organisms. Microbiology 2004,150(Pt 6):1769–1777.PubMedCrossRef 8. Chun J, Huq A, Colwell RR: Analysis of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus . Appl Environ Microbiol 1999,65(5):2202–2208.PubMed 9. Thompson FL, Gevers D, Thompson CC, Dawyndt P, Naser S, Hoste B, Munn CB, Swings J: Phylogeny and molecular identification of vibrios on the basis of multilocus sequence analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005,71(9):5107–5115.PubMedCrossRef 10. Dorsch M, Lane D, Stackebrandt E: Towards a phylogeny of the genus Vibrio based on 16S rRNA sequences. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992,42(1):58–63.PubMedCrossRef 11.

1996; Ticktin 2004). Since these plants are mostly

hemi-epiphytes, their harvesting is straightforward. In contrast, the gathering of aroid roots as sources of construction material is complicated by the fact that these species usually grow high in the canopy. At present, the potential of Araceae as ornamental plants is very little understood in Bolivia, in contrast to the existing high number of species, especially hemi-epiphytic find more species, that can be easily propagated. Unlike the aroids, potentially useful bromeliads are best represented in seasonally dry forest habitats, with the exception of ornamental species, which also occur in humid montane forests, even though they tend to be rare there and are probably best cultivated for commercialisation rather than relying on collecting from natural populations (Acebey et al. 2007). One of the first requirements for the sustainable use of bromeliads is that they are present in large populations (Wolf and Konings 2001). Ideally,

time-consuming case studies of density are needed for each species, but we may use some indirect indicators such as frequency to estimate species abundance. In general, we found that bromeliads of inter-Andean GDC-0449 cell line forests are more frequent and have a relatively wider distribution and fewer preferences for specific habitats. Therefore, they may be more suitable for the sustainable use of natural populations than species of humid forests. However, more detailed studies at the species level are needed to identify specific guidelines for a long-time use. For example, it might be advisable to only gather abundant and spatially homogeneously dispersed species, and to harvest at the lower parts of the trees (Wolf and Konings 2001).

Most likely, the bromeliads of dry Chaco and Y-27632 2HCl Chiquitano forest have similar ecological characteristics to those in the inter-Andean forests and the same implications for sustainable use. The use and commercialisation of products from the Bromeliaceae family is more popular in drier than in humid regions, due to the presence of some multipurpose species. Particularly, the production of handicrafts based on the fibres of Bromelia serra, B. hieronymi, and Pseudananas sagenarius is a BI 2536 price locally important economical activity in the Chiquitano and Chaco regions, providing an additional income of about 20 US$ per year per involved family (VAIPO 1999, 2000). Terrestrial species, such as B. serra, P. sagenarius, and Aechmea distichanta are locally very frequent and abundant, and thrive in secondary and disturbed vegetation (Acebey 2003).

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