The densification of SiO2 layer is reflected in the shape and position of the selleck inhibitor next two bands having maxima at about 620cm?1 and 800cm?1 [6, 14, 15]. The band with the maximum at about 670cm?1 can be correlated with strong line reported for coesite and having the maximum at 661cm?1 [13]. The bands placed around 1090cm?1 and 1200cm?1 are assigned to Si-O stretching vibration [14]. The last important feature of Raman spectrum recorded for SiO2 thin film is the absence of boson band observed for visible excitation in the case of bulk material [14]. It should be emphasized that boson band was not observed for bulk SiO2 in the case of deep ultraviolet excitation [8].The bands observed for HfO2 and placed above 1000cm?1 are much weaker than similar bands in SiO2 spectrum.

The most important difference between Raman scattering observed for silicon dioxide and hafnium oxide is the shape of the spectrum in the range between 300cm?1 and 930cm?1. In the case of SiO2 three separate bands can be recognized in the spectrum: the main band placed between 300cm?1 and 550cm?1, D2 band placed around 620cm?1 and a band ��800cm?1��. In the spectrum observed for HfO2 film the bands are merged in such a way that the main band placed between 300cm?1 and 550cm?1 has a tail extended to 930cm?1. In the case of the spectrum observed for the sample, as-deposited weak band placed around 800cm?1 can be recognized on this tail. The range 600cm?1�C700cm?1 contains no unambiguous band. The main band placed between 300cm?1 and 550cm?1 is similar for spectra recorded for SiO2 and HfO2 as-deposited films.

Let us compare Raman spectra of HfO2 recorded film after thermal treatment. In the case of the sample annealed at 400��C, only a small increase of the main band intensity is observed. No changes in the shape of the spectrum appear. Annealing at higher temperature (600��C and 800��C) leads to a significant increase of GSK-3 the Raman scattering intensity combined with changes of the shape of the spectrum. The following bands (maxima) appear in the spectra of Si/SiO2/HfO2 samples annealed at 600��C and 800��C: 320cm?1, 380cm?1, 600cm?1, 670cm?1. An additional relatively narrow band appears near the Si one-phonon line. The band is merged with ��520cm?1�� line, and its maximum is placed at about 490cm?1. The weak band placed around 800cm?1 becomes stronger, and its maximum shifts towards smaller values of Raman shift by about 10cm?1.

Let the buffer size be ��. Buffer-N replaces http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Dasatinib.html the oldest example (xt?��(1,2), yt?��, ��t?��) in the buffer with the new arrived example (xt(1,2), yt, ��t) on each learning round, which means St = t ? �� + 1, t ? �� + 2,��, t.Buffer-L. This buffering strategy replaces the oldest unlabeled point in the buffer with the incoming point while keeping labeled points. The oldest labeled point is evicted from the buffer only when it is filled with labeled points.Figure 2 shows the set of the associated coefficient vectors which are used to ascend the dual function on each learning round for different choices of St. Essentially, different choices of St construct different QP problems on each learning round.Figure 2Four choices of St to update multiple dual coefficient vectors.

The horizontal thin line on each learning round represents the whole training data sequence, while the thick boxes represent the set of examples whose dual coefficient vectors are used to …5.3. Sparse Approximations for Kernel RepresentationIn practice, kernel functions are always used to find a linear classifier, like SVM. Our online coregularization framework only contains the product of two points, so we can easily introduce the kernel function into our framework. If we note K the kernel matrix such thatKij=��(xi)?��(xj),(36)xi can be replaced by ��(xi) in our framework. Therefore, we can rewrite (19) as��t(1)=1��1��i=1t(��iyi(��i1)t+(1?��i)(��i0)t��c)��(1)(xi(1))=��i=1t(��i(1))t��(1)(xi(1)),��t(2)=1��2��i=1t(��i��yi(��i2)t?(1?��i)(��i0)t��c)��(2)(xi(2))=��i=1t(��i(2))t��(2)(xi(2)).

(37)Unfortunately, our previous derived online coregularization algorithms with kernel functions have to store the example sequence up to the current round, and the stored matrix size is t �� t (worst case). For practical purpose, we present two approaches to sparsify the kernel representation of boundaries on each learning round. Absolute Threshold. To construct a sparse representation for the boundaries, absolute threshold discards the examples whose associated coefficients ��(1,2) are close to zero. Let �� > 0 denote the absolute threshold. When an arrived example xi(1,2) would not be used to update the boundaries in further learning process, xi(1,2) is discarded if |(��i(1,2))t| < ��. The examples whose indices are in St cannot be discarded on round t since they would be used to ascend the dual function.

k Maximal Coefficients (k-MC). Another way to sparsify the kernel representation is to keep the examples of which the absolute value of ��(1,2) is the Batimastat first k maximum. Similar as the absolute threshold, k-MC does not discard the examples in St which would be used to ascend the dual function on round t. Based on this sparse approximation, the stored matrix size on round t reduces to (k + sizeof(St)) �� (k + sizeof(St)).

The pH of the effluent was measured using pH paper, and pH value of the effluent was about 6. This indicated that the effluent did not contain a great deal of the Fe3+ ion. In order to further study the reason about the reduction of the iron content in the resultants, we made the qualitative experiment to determine the Fe2+ ion in the effluent selleck screening library and the mix solution of the metal salts. The Fe2+ ion can form the blood-red complex with phenanthroline. By the addition of phenanthroline, the effluent could become immediately blood-red, but the mix solution of the metal salts did not redden. This illustrated the presence of ferrous ion in the effluent. In order to demonstrate the validity of the conclusion, we used the alkali to form the precipitate and observed the gradual change on the color of the precipitate.

When the sodium hydroxide solution was added to the effluent, a large amount of white precipitate was formed in the beginning, and then the precipitate turned gradually into dark green. After standing for some time, the precipitate turned slowly to orange-red. This fits well with the color change process in which the ferrous ion is precipitated under alkaline condition and then oxidized to iron ion by air. The above testing results indicate that a part of iron ion in the experiment is reduced to ferrous ion and is not reduced entirely to iron. The standard electrode potentials of restoring the ferric ion to ferrous ion and restoring ferrous ion to iron in the corresponding half-reactions are listed as E��=?0.407?V(2)It is clear that the?E��=0.

770?VFe2++2e?��Fe?follows:Fe3++e?��Fe2+ iron ion is more easily reduced to the ferrous ion. Therefore, the iron ions in the experiment could first be reduced to the ferrous ions, and then the ferrous ions were reduced to iron atoms. However, the reduction of the Fe2+ ion to Fe atom is more difficult than the reduction of the Ni2+ ion to Ni atom and the Pb2+ ion to Pb atom. In this case, many irons ions in the reaction are reduced to the ferrous ions in a short time, but not iron atoms. This also supports the above composition analyses of the resultants. Perhaps, this is why the mole ratio of n(Fe):n(Ni):n(Pb) in the resultants is much less than 1.00:1.00:0.500, which is the mole ratio of n(FeCl3?6H2O):n(NiCl2?6H2O):n[Pb(CH3COO)2?3H2O] in the reaction raw materials. The mole ratios of n(Fe):n(Ni):n(Pb) in the resultants 1, 2, and 3 are 0.

394:1.00:0.479, 0.384:1.00:0.498, and 0.446:1.00:0.464, respectively. Hence, the percentage content of iron in resultants becomes bigger through increasing potassium borohydride addition. It is feasible that the Fe-Ni-Pb-B alloy nanoparticles are prepared by room temperature Anacetrapib solid-solid chemical reaction.4. ConclusionsIn summary, the Fe-Ni-Pb-B multicomponent alloy nanoparticles can be prepared very easily by a simple solid-solid chemical reaction method at room temperature.

5g/m2) in spring/summer. The maximum average length was 7.7 �� 0.4cm (n = 100) in summer and a minimum of 2.9 �� 0.2cm (n = 100) in winter. The biomass values ranged between 110 �� http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html 1.9g/m2 (n = 8) in summer and 594 �� 10.5g/m2 (n = 8) in late spring. Biomass and length showed low values in autumn and winter, a small increase occurred in early spring, and the highest values of these parameters were recorded in early summer.The highest carrageenan yields, in this study, were recorded in G. pistillata, with an average value of the 38.7% (Figure 1). Nevertheless, the coverage and biomass are relatively low (Figure 2). The second highest coverage was found in C. acicularis (Figure 2), but this carrageenophyte presents a low biomass mainly in spring/summer (22 �� 0.2g/m2, n = 8).

This carrageenophyte presents an isomorphic triphasic lifecycle, but the nonfertile thalli and the tetrasporophytes are difficult to distinguish from one another, and consequently these reproductive phases were not separated. Due to the thalli nature, very thin and tangles, the data on plant size were not done. The cover (Figure 2) and biomass are very low in the remaining carrageenophytes: C. jubata, G. crenulatus, and A. devoniensis. 3.3. Lifecycle PhaseC. crispus shows an isomorphic triphasic lifecycle [35�C37], although in the studied population, the nonfructified thalli were dominant in most samples (see Figure 3), and the percentage varied from 15.4% (summer) to 66.7% (winter). The female gametophytes were present in all samples, varying the proportion from 12.5% (late winter) to 44.5% (spring).

The tetrasporophytes were also present in all samples, with a maximum of 50% in spring and a minimum of 11.1% in summer. Compared with female gametophytes (cystocarpic thalli) (29.4��2.9%, n = 14), the tetrasporophytes (tetrasporic thalli) are usually less abundant (24.5 �� 3.4%, n = 14); the predominance of gametophytes in C. crispus populations was also found in other works [37�C39]. The average percentage of nonfructified thalli was 46.1 �� 3.9% (n = 14). The data on seasonal variation in the percentage of individuals of each generation have statistical significance (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.001).Figure 3Population structure of Chondrus crispus in Buarcos bay.G. pistillata is the type of species of the Gigartina genus [40, 41]; despite possessing an isomorphic triphasic lifecycle [42], it shows heterosporic thalli (i.

e., producing both tetraspores and carpospores) [43, 44], which were found in all studied samples. The tetrasporophytes were dominant in most samples, and the percentage varied from 10% (spring) to 81.8% (late autumn). The female gametophytes Anacetrapib were present in all samples, varying the proportion of 6.8% (late autumn) to 90% (spring). The heterosporic thalli were present in all samples, with a maximum of 30.8% in early winter and a minimum of 1.9% in summer.

Exclusion criteria included patients aged less than 18 years, patients with an ICU stay selleck of less than two days [22], and patients who only underwent acute RRT for less than two days. Approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (No. 31MD03). Informed consent was waived because there was no breach of privacy and the study did not interfere with clinical decisions related to patient care.Data collectionAll data were prospectively collected. Data variables included demographic data, comorbid diseases, septic AKI developed post-surgery (or not), and the indications for RRT. Biochemistry data such as complete blood cell count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (sCr), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), serum total bilirubin, serum albumin, and serum potassium (sK+) were recorded upon ICU admission and RRT initiation [18,20].

Moreover, the clinical parameters and severity score were also recorded at these two time points. The clinical parameters included heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, central venous pressure (CVP) level, partial pressure of arterial blood gas oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen. Severity scores included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score [23], Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score [24], and Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (SAPS III) [25]. The usage of mechanical ventilation was recorded and the inotropic equivalent dose was calculated [26].

Definitions were made as follows: hypertension was blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg or usage of anti-hypertension agents; diabetes was previous usage of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents; congestive heart failure was low cardiac output with a CVP above 12 mmHg and dopamine equivalent above 5 ��g/kg/min [26]; and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was sCr of 1.5 mg/dl or greater documented prior to this admission.The indications for RRT were: (1) azotemia (BUN > 80 mg/dL and sCr > 2 mg/dl) with uremic symptoms; (2) oliguria (urine amount <100 ml every eight hours) or anuria refractory to diuretics; (3) fluid overload refractory to diuretics with a CVP level above 12 mmHg or pulmonary edema with a partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio below 300 mmHg; (4) hyperkalemia (sK+ > 5.

5 mmol/L) refractory to medical treatment; and (5) metabolic acidosis (pH <7.2 in arterial blood Drug_discovery gas) [27].According to previous studies [2,28,29], simplified RIFLE classification was used only with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) criterion for classification because the eight-hourly urine volumes in our database did not match the 6- or 12-hourly urine output criterion in the RIFLE classification.

As combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods would be recommended for identifying biofilm producing strains, the detection of 4 biofilm related genes and their incidence in Staphylococcus isolates were investigated using simplex PCR reactions (Figures (Figures44 and and5).5). Because of the absence of a reference positive control for each of the studied genes, apply for it the DNA of all isolates was first examined by Staphylococcus genus specific primers to monitor the quality of the DNA for amplification and to exclude any false negative results. All the 108 Staphylococcus isolates successfully amplified the specific 228bp of the 16S rRNA gene of genus Staphylococcus. This amplification confirmed all the isolates to be Staphylococci and ensuring the suitability of the DNA for amplification.

The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus, consisting of the genes icaADBC, has been reported to have a potential role as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of mastitis in ruminants [4]. Among the ica genes, icaA and icaD have been reported to play a significant role in biofilm formation in S. aureus and S. epidermidis [32]. The prevalence rates of icaA and icaD genes were 15% and 62.5% in S. aureus isolates and 5.9% and 47.1% in CNS isolates, respectively (Figure 5). Although the majority of researches reported the icaA and icaD to be nearly similar in incidence [2, 4, 30], our results agreed withCiftciet al. [33] who found that 16 and 38 out of 59 strains were positive for icaA and icaD genes, respectively.

This difference in the prevalence rates can be attributed to variation in DNA sequences which may lead to failed amplification of the gene in some isolates leading to false negative results [34]. This was previously reported by Simojoki et al. [35] who excluded icaA and icaD results from their work because their primers, although were able to detect the genes in S. aureus isolates, were not able to detect the genes in known icaA and icaD positive S. epidermidis. Detection of icaA and icaD was not well correlated with biofilm production on MTP methods (Table 5). Presence of icaA or icaD negative biofilm positive isolates can be accounted for by an ica gene independent control of slime production/adhesion mechanism [36].

On the contrary, inability of Staphylococcus isolates that Carfilzomib were positive for icaA and/or icaD genes to produce biofilm in vitro can be due to point mutation in the locus and/or any other yet unidentified factors that negatively regulate polysaccharide intercellular adhesion synthesis or influence biofilm formation [1]. Also, some experimental evidence supports the development of new clones referred as biofilm negative with both icaA and icaD genes positive [37]. Additionally, lacking of icaA mRNA or icaD mRNA or both was reported to explain absence of phenotypic expression of biofilm [36]. Despite discrepancy between results of ica locus and biofilm phenotypic expression, Vasudevan et al.

The system was furnished with three axi-symmetric full cone spray nozzles FC-2, FC-3, and FC-3.5 from RELAB having different orifice and free passage diameters selleck compound as expressed in Table 1. These nozzles were equipped with a special X-shaped vane fixed at the nozzle inlet to impart the swirl and rotational speed to produce a full cone spray pattern. The spray pulse on-off duty cycle was controlled by a system composed of a PROVAL pneumatic double actuated solenoid valve and a programmable digital time relay (SIGMA, PTC-15). In these studies, the valve duty cycle was kept constant at 1 s. In order to maintain a desired temperature within the feed tank and spray feed line to spray point, the liquid immersion heater and heat tracing cable were used, and corresponding water temperature was monitored using thermostatic controllers.

In this experiment, the service temperature was elevated from 20 to 100��C in order to lower the required load pressure, viscosity, and surface tension. In order to avoid the thermal losses, the heat tracing cable was insulated with ceramic tape. In addition to temperature, the service pressure of the system was being elevated in range of 0.5�C1.5bar. For this purpose, a liquid delivery pump capable of withstanding at high temperature values was used to serve the spray nozzle at its required spraying pressure. A stainless steel mesh strainer hampering any possible tiny debris from the liquid flow was also fixed at the feed tank outlet [2, 6]. The liquid pressure at three different localized points in main supply line was monitored using spring type pressure gauges.

Figure 1Schematic of the experimental setup used for generation and characterization of water spray.Table 1Specifications of full cone spray nozzles.2.2. Characterization ToolsIn order to characterize the sprays of the tested liquid, the input parameters like heating temperature, load pressure, and liquid flow rate were varied in steps; the corresponding spray parameters including the axial spray tip penetration, jet breakup mechanism, droplet size distribution, nozzle discharge coefficient, spray cone angle, spray width, Weber number, Reynolds number, and vortex clouds formation were investigated using nonintrusive imaging and nonimaging tools like high speed camera and PDA. The visualization system used in this experiment was composed of a high speed digital camera and spray chamber side illumination arrangements. The transparent spray chamber was illuminated from all sides using 9 spotlights of 300 Watts each, and the spray jet movements were visualized using a Phantom v9.1 digital camera. This 14 bit-2 megapixels high speed camera Dacomitinib suites well the larger field of view applications.

95cd/A (at 17.2V), 6.96cd/A (at 20.8V), 7.52cd/A (at selleck chemicals llc 21.4V), and 5.78cd/A (at 26.2V), respectively. The maximum luminance and power efficiency of four devices (shown in Table 1) became lower when increasing the doping concentration. The doping phosphor dye was not only the emission center but also traps for free carriers in emission layer, which could be predicted from the device energy level diagram shown in Figure 4. More free carriers would be trapped in the devices when adding more phosphor dye in the blended host layer, which would affect the current density, numbers of emission elements, and finally the whole device efficiency. This point could be proved by the current density curve of four devices at high driving voltages shown in Figure 2. The current density of device A (1wt% doping concentration) was 12.

8mA/cm2 and decreased to 1.2mA/cm2 for device D (8wt% doping concentration) at 20V forward bias, which were listed in Table 1. The roll-off of external quantum efficiency of electroluminescent device at large current density was due to triplet-triplet (T-T) annihilation for most phosphorescent organic device. Endo et al. analyzed T-T annihilation for Ir(ppy)3 doped CBP host devices, and a best fit of the model to the data was obtained [24]. Almost all organic devices indicated a gradual decrease in efficiency at the high current density (according to high voltage). The quantum efficiency of light emission (��) can be calculated from the following equation:�Ǧ�0=J04J(1+8JJ0?1).(1)In (1), ��0 is the quantum efficiency without triplet-triplet annihilation, and J0 in (2) is the ��onset�� current density at �� = ��0/2:J0=4qdkTT��2.

(2)In which q is the electron charge, d is the thickness of the exciton formation zone, �� is the phosphorescent life time, and kTT is the T-T annihilation rate constant. As the current density (driving bias) increased, the efficiency annihilation became more obvious as shown in (1). For comparing, the turn-on voltage (Von ), maximum lumiance (Lmax ), current density at 20V (J20V), maximum power efficiency (��pmax ), and current efficiency (��lmax ) were list in Table 1. Stable green light emission, wide emission spectra, and high efficiency of 9.95cd/A could be achieved with the 1wt% doping concentration polymer device with blended host materials.Figure 5The power efficiency and current efficiency of four doping devices at different biases.

Table 1Some detailed characteristics of four organic devices with different doping concentrations, including turn-on voltage, maximum luminance, current density at 20V, maximum current, and power efficiency.4. ConclusionsDifferent doping concentration polymer organic devices with iridium complex doped in PFO:PBD blended Anacetrapib host material were fabricated using spun coat process. The EL spectra of devices indicated stable green light emission from (tpbi)2Ir(acac) with two main peaks at 522nm and 554nm and a wide FWHM of 116nm from 504nm to 620nm.

Table 5Adjusted coefficients and odd ratios for admission to ICU within three days of presentation and points selleck chem inhibitor assigned in the predictive modelRisk of early admission to the ICUThe risk of early admission to the ICU (REA-ICU) score ranged from 0 to 17 and was stratified into four risk classes (REA-ICU index; Table Table6).6). In the derivation cohort the rate of ICU admission on days 1 to 3 ranged from 1.1% for risk class I to 27.1% for risk class IV and 28-day mortality ranged from 1.2 to 15.1%. Similar rates were observed in the validation cohort. In risk class I, five patients (not admitted to ICU) died within three days of ED presentation. The risk class I patients accounted for 2510 of 4593 (54.6%) and 1099 of 1967 (55.9%) patients, respectively, in the derivation and validation cohorts, with 27 out of 2510 (1.

1%) and 14 out of 1099 (1.3%) of these patients admitted to the ICU, respectively. Among these 41 patients, 10 were classified as high-risk using the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and none subsequently died.Table 6Population and outcomes stratification according to the risk of early ICU admission index (REA-ICU index) of patients with community acquired pneumoniaThe area under the ROC curves for the REA-ICU score was 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.77 to 0.83) and 0.80 (95% CI = 0.76 to 0.84) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively.The risk of admission to the ICU on days 1 to 3 increased significantly from risk class I to risk class IV within each of the four original cohorts (P < 0.001 for each cohort).

The area under the ROC curve of the score for predicting admission to an ICU on days 1 to 3 ranged from 0.76 (95% CI = 0.72 to 0.90) in the EDCAP cohort to 0.82 (95% CI = 0.85 to 0.90) in the Pneumocom-2 cohort.The REA-ICU score yielded a higher area under the ROC curve than the PSI (0.75, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.78), CURB-65 (0.69, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.72) and Espana Severe CAP (SCAP) (0.74, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.76) for predicting ICU admission on days 1 to 3 for patients not requiring immediate circulatory or ventilatory support (P < 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons involving the REA-ICU score).DiscussionIn this study, we identified 11 baseline characteristics that were independently associated with ICU admission on days 1 to 3 in a broad range of patients presenting with CAP and no obvious reason for immediate ICU admission (i.e. not requiring immediate respiratory or circulatory support). These characteristics included male gender, age younger than 80 years, comorbid Entinostat condition of 1 or higher, tachypnoea, tachycardia, leukopenia or leukocytosis, multilobar infiltrates or pleural effusion, hypoxaemia, acidosis, hyperuraemia and hyponatraemia.

1. Comprehensive computer database literature searches were performed using the indexed online databases MEDLINE/PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Lists of cited literature within relevant articles were also screened. The primary intention of the review was to identify prospective randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, existing any other enquiries systematic reviews and guidelines. In the absence of such evidence, case-control studies, observational studies and case reports were considered.Table 1Grading of recommendations from Guyatt and colleagues [14]Boolean operators and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) thesaurus keywords were applied as a standardised use of language to unify differences in terminology into single concepts. Appropriate MeSH headings and subheadings for each question were selected and modified based on search results.

The scientific questions posed that led to each recommendation and the MeSH headings applied to each search are listed in Additional file 1. Searches were limited to English language abstracts and human studies, and gender and age were not limited. The time period was limited to the past three years for questions addressed in the 2007 version of the guideline, but no time-period limits were imposed on new searches. Original publications were evaluated for abstracts that were deemed relevant. Original publications were graded according to the levels of evidence developed by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK) [17].

The selection of the scientific enquiries to be addressed in the guideline, screening and grading of the literature to be included and formulation of specific recommendations were performed by members of the Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma, a multidisciplinary, pan-European group of experts with specialties in surgery, anaesthesia, emergency medicine, intensive care medicine and haematology. The core group was formed in 2004 to produce educational material on the care of the bleeding trauma patient [18], on which an update (in 2006) and subsequent review article were based [19]. The task force consisted of the core group, additional experts in haematology and guideline development, and representatives Carfilzomib of relevant European professional societies, including the European Society of Anaesthesiology, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, the European Shock Society, the European Society of Trauma and Emergency Surgery and the European Society for Emergency Medicine. The European Hematology Association declined the invitation to designate a representative to join the task force.As part of the guideline development process that led to the 2007 guideline, task force members participated in a workshop on the critical appraisal of medical literature.