We next performed real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html to assess the mRNA and protein levels of cell cycle-related molecules. After 72 hrs of transduction, RNAi-mediated STIM1 silencing induced upregulation of OSI-027 clinical trial p21waf1/cip1 and downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 simultaneously in U251 cells (Figure 4A and 4B). The results demonstrated that STIM1 may be involved in regulating the expression of cyclins-cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)-CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) in U251 cells. Figure 4 mRNA and protein levels of cell cycle-related molecules. (A) Total RNA was extracted

at 72 hrs after transduction and mRNA expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 , cyclin D1 and CDK4 was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. (B) Total cellular protein were extracted Torin 2 cell line at 72 hrs after transduction and determined by Western blot analysis using antibodies against p21Waf1/Cip1 , cyclin D1 and CDK4, and GAPDH as a loading control. Data represent the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *P <0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the si-CTRL group. si-CTRL: cells infected with control-siRNA-expressing lentivirus; si-STIM1: cells

infected with si-STIM1. Lentivirus-mediated si-STIM1 inhibited tumor growth in vivo To determine whether STIM1 silencing could inhibit tumor development in vivo, lentivirus transduced U251 cells were subcutaneously injected into the right dorsal flank of the nude mice and tumor growth was evaluated. As shown in Figure 5A, the average growth rate of the ten si-STIM1 xenografts was reduced by 41.9% ± 5.7% (**P < 0.001, day 30) compare with control tumors (si-CTRL) as assessed by serial microcaliper measurements. si-STIM1 tumors that were resected on day 30 post-inoculation weighed 50% less than si-CTRL tumors (*P < 0.05) (Figure 5B). Representative photographs Digestive enzyme of mice in two groups (si-STIM1 and si-CTRL) and their transplanted tumors were shown in Figure 5C.

Western blot analysis verified that STIM1 levels remained downregulation in the si-STIM1 transduced U251 xenografts in comparison to the control (Figure 5D). Thus, these results indicated that lentivirus-mediated gene silencing of STIM1 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for human glioblastoma. Figure 5 Effect of STIM1 knockdown on tumorigenicity in nude mice. U251 cells transduction with si-STIM1 or siCTRL were subcutaneously injected into the right dorsal flank of the nude mice as described in Materials and methods. Tumor volume was determined on Day 10, 20 and 30. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and tumors were excised for weight measurement and Western blot analysis. (A) Growth curve of tumor xenografts was assessed by serial microcaliper measurements. (B) Weight of tumor xenografts 30 days after inoculation. (C) Representative photographs of mice and tumors for each treatment.

CrossRef 7. Eggins BR, Irvine JTS, Murphy EP, Grimshaw J: Formation of two-carbon acids from carbon dioxide by photoreduction on cadmium sulphide. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1988, 16:1123–1124.CrossRef 8. Guan G, Kida T, Harada T, Isayama M, Yoshida A: Photoreduction of carbon dioxide with water over K 2 Ti 6 O 13 photocatalyst combined with Cu/ZnO catalyst under concentrated sunlight. Appl Catal, A 2003,249(1):11–18.CrossRef 9. Fujishima A, Zhang X, Tryk DA: TiO 2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep 2008,63(12):515–582.CrossRef 10. Hashimoto K, Irie H, Fujishima A: TiO 2 photocatalysis: a historical AZD9291 solubility dmso overview and

future prospects. Jpn J Appl Phys 2005, 44:8269–8285.CrossRef 11. Malato S, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Maldonado MI, Blanco J, Gernjak W: Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar

photocatalysis: recent overview and buy MLN2238 trends. Catal Today 2009,147(1):1–59.CrossRef 12. Ong W-J, Gui MM, Chai S-P, Mohamed AR: Direct growth of carbon nanotubes on Ni/TiO 2 as next generation catalysts for photoreduction of CO 2 to methane by water under visible light irradiation. RSC Adv 2013,3(14):4505–4509.CrossRef 13. Leary R, Westwood A: Carbonaceous nanomaterials for the enhancement of TiO 2 photocatalysis. GANT61 in vitro Carbon 2011,49(3):741–772.CrossRef 14. Tan L-L, Chai S-P, Mohamed AR: Synthesis and applications of graphene-based TiO 2 photocatalysts. ChemSusChem 2012,5(10):1868–1882.CrossRef P-type ATPase 15. Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M: Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2012,41(2):782–796.CrossRef 16. Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M: Enhanced photocatalytic H 2 -production activity of graphene-modified titania nanosheets. Nanoscale 2011,3(9):3670–3678.CrossRef 17. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva IV, Dubonos SV, Firsov AA: Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 2005,438(7065):197–200.CrossRef 18. Williams G, Seger B, Kamat PV: TiO 2 -graphene nanocomposites: UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2008,2(7):1487–1491.CrossRef

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an epidemiological survey in Finland. Soc Sci Med 26(4):443–450CrossRef Vahtera J, Pentti J, Helenius H, Kivimaki M (2006) Sleep disturbances as a predictor of long-term find more increase in sickness absence among employees after family death or illness. Sleep 29(5):673–682 Wang M, Liu S, Zhan Y, Shi J (2010) Daily work-family conflict and alcohol use: testing the cross-level moderation effects of peer drinking norms and social support. J Appl Psychol 95(2):377–386CrossRef Wanous JP, Reichers AE, Hudy MJ (1997) Overall job satisfaction: how good are single-item measures? J Appl Psychol 82(2):247–252CrossRef Weissman MM, Greenwald S, Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC (1997) The morbidity of insomnia uncomplicated by psychiatric disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry

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“Introduction The connection between skin and respiratory systems in occupational disease is a growing area of research interest (Redlich and Herrick 2008). Specifically, there is interest in determining whether the skin can be an important route of sensitization for occupational allergens and subsequent development of occupational respiratory symptoms,

including asthma. Research in this area is challenging, in part due to the organ system silos that have historically existed in medicine Amrubicin and epidemiological research. Recent evidence from animal models suggests that after sensitization through skin exposure to some high (e.g., latex) and low (e.g., trimellitic anhydride, toluene diisocyanate (TDI)) molecular weight agents, an asthma-like response can be elicited upon inhalation exposure (Vanoirbeek et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2009). Evidence of possible cross-system sensitization and elicitation in humans is scarce. Among methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-exposed workers, Petsonk et al. (2000) observed that subjects reporting skin MI-503 nmr staining (a proxy for skin exposure) were more likely to report asthma-like symptoms. Despite the possibility that skin exposures can contribute to the burden of respiratory disease, studies focussing on skin exposure, and specifically on exposure–response studies for skin symptoms and/or sensitization, are rare.

Super-selective embolisation is performed whenever possible. This review gives a current perspective on the role of embolisation in adults with vascular complications arising from blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma, and includes illustrative examples

from our practice and technical advice on ‘how to do it’. Blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen Protocols AZD5363 defining the role of transarterial embolisation in the management of the abdominal trauma victim vary among trauma centres, and many now advocate routine angiography [9]. There is substantial experience of embolisation in the management of blunt abdominal trauma, first described following hepatic injury in 1977 [10]. Splenic embolisation

was initially described for haematological indications in the 1970s Selleckchem Bafilomycin A1 [11, 12] and its use in the management of splenic GSK872 injury was first reported in the early 1980s [13]. Angiography enables the identification and assessment of sites of haemorrhage. Angiographic embolisation of injured vessels has become a valuable adjunct in the management of trauma patients. It may provide life-saving haemostasis to areas that may be difficult to access surgically, prevent the need for re-operation in cases of rebleeding, or assist in the NOM of solid visceral injuries. Principles allowing the safe use of embolisation and NOM in blunt abdominal trauma include the absence of associated hollow visceral injuries and other injuries requiring operative intervention and lack of peritoneal signs on abdominal examination [14]. As experience increases, in the correct environment even haemodynamically unstable patients Thymidylate synthase may be considered suitable for NOM [15]. The haemodynamic stability of the patient is key to management yet it is not easy to define. Shocked, unstable patients can be quickly identified and need rapid transfusion while urgent assessment and then treatment of the injury takes place. Stability implies repeated assessments over a period of time but it is usually abbreviated in patients with major abdominal trauma to initial response to fluid infusion.

Haemodynamic stability may be defined as hemorrhagic shock not worse than Class 2, i.e. patients are normotensive, have elevated or normal pulse rate, respiratory rate <30/min, normal or decreased pulse pressure (arterial pulse amplitude), and have a rapid response to the initial fluid therapy of 2 L crystalloid [16]. The opinions of experienced clinicians should not be discounted in identifying quickly those patients which are most likely to deteriorate. Experience with embolisation following penetrating truncal injuries is expanding. Velmahos demonstrated a success rate of 91% with embolisation used as a first line treatment, after operative failure to control bleeding or because of post-operative vascular complications [17].

[http://​www.​jacmp.​org/​index.​php/​jacmp] J Appl Clin Med Phys 2008, 9: 2792–2799.PubMed 16. Mackie RT, Liu HH, McCullough EC: Treatment Planning Algorithms: Model-based Photon Dose Calculations. In Treatment Planning in Radiation Oncology. 2nd edition. Edited by: Khan FM. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Press; 2007:63–77. 17. Oelfke U, Scholz C: Dose Calculation Algorithms. In New Technologies in Radiation Oncology. 1st edition. Edited by: Schlegel W, Bortfeld T, Grosu A-L. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Press; 2006:187–196. 18. Fippel M: Monte Carlo Dose Calculation for Treatment Planning. In New Technologies

in Radiation Oncology. 1st edition. Edited by: Schlegel W, Bortfeld T, Grosu AL. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Press; buy GF120918 2006:197–206.CrossRef 19. Chung H, Jin H, Dempsey JF, Liu C, Palta J, Suh TS, Kim S: Evaluation of surface and build-up region dose for intensity-modulated radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. Med Phys 2005, 32: 2682–2689.CrossRefPubMed 20. Ramsey CR, Seibert RM, Robison B, Mitchell M: Helical tomotherapy superficial dose measurements. Med Phys 2007, 34: 3286–3293.CrossRefPubMed 21. Cheek D, Gibbons JP, Rosen II, Hogstrom KR: Accuracy of TomoTherapy treatments for superficial

BIBF 1120 nmr target volumes. Med Phys 2008, 35: 3565–73.CrossRefPubMed 22. Roland TF, Stathakis S, Ramer R, Papanikolaou N: Measurement and comparison of skin dose for prostate and head-and-neck patients treated on various IMRT GSK2245840 concentration delivery systems. Appl Radiat Isot 2008, 66: 1844–1849.CrossRefPubMed 23. (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate Mutic S, Low

DA: Superficial doses from serial tomotherapy delivery. Med Phys 2000, 27: 163–165.CrossRefPubMed 24. ICRP 2007: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: adopted by the Commission in March 2007. Essen, Germany: Elsevier Press; 2007. 25. ICRU 39: Determination of dose equivalents resulting from external radiation sources. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Press; 1985. 26. Landau D, Adams EJ, Webb S, Ross G: Cardiac avoidance in breast radiotherapy: a comparison of simple shielding techniques with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2001, 60: 247–255.CrossRefPubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions FA conceived of the study, coordinated the study, edited and verified the external surface of the patient and lung contours, delineated target volumes, helped acquisition of data, performed the statistical analysis and draft the manuscript. YO has performed treatment plans, participated in acquisition of data and helped to draft the manuscript. RD edited and verified the external surface of the patient and lung contours, delineated target volumes, participated in acquisition of data and helped to draft the manuscript.

Overall, vaccine-related reactions were observed in 52.0% (833/1,601, 4,581 events) in those who received the ChimeriVax™-JE vaccine compared to placebo, 50.6% (204/403, 945 events)

[5]. Systemic upset with fever, irritability and localized injection site reactions were the commonest adverse reactions and the reactogenicity of AZD1152 molecular weight ChimeriVax™-JE was similar to that of a comparator hepatitis A vaccine, Avaxim® 80U (Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France) [51]. Low-level viremia was detected in 5 of 300 children, all of who were asymptomatic [47]. Short-lived low-level asymptomatic viremia was also seen in some vaccinated adults with a mean peak viraemia 6.6 pfu/ml, a level not expected to cause adverse environmental impact on transmission in mosquito vectors. Conclusion Recent years have seen considerable progress in the refinement https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-98014.html of safe and effective vaccines against JE. There are three vaccines with good immunogenicity profile for adults and children, suitable for those in both JE-endemic and non-endemic regions, and which can be integrated into the existing childhood vaccination programs. The novel recombinant chimeric live vaccine, ChimeriVax™-JE, has been shown to be highly immunogenic in both adults and children, with a durable neutralizing antibody titers and robust

anamnestic response. Acknowledgments Prior to the peer review process, the manufacturer of the Atezolizumab order agent under review was offered an opportunity to comment on the article. Minor changes

resulting from comments received were made by the author based on their scientific and editorial merit. Dr. Torresi is the guarantor for this article, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole. Conflict of interest Dr. Chin declares no conflict of interest. Dr. Torresi has received an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. Compliance with ethics guidelines The analysis in this article is based on previously conducted studies, and does not involve any new studies of human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. Dickerson RB, Newton JR, Hansen JE. Diagnosis and immediate prognosis of Adriamycin chemical structure Japanese B encephalitis; observations based on more than 200 patients with detailed analysis of 65 serologically confirmed cases. Am J Med. 1952;12(3):277–88.PubMedCrossRef 2. Kumar R, Mathur A, Singh KB, Sitholey P, Prasad M, Shukla R, et al. Clinical sequelae of Japanese encephalitis in children. Indian J Med Res. 1993;97:9–13.PubMed 3. Tauber E, Kollaritsch H, von Sonnenburg F, Lademann M, Jilma B, Firbas C, et al.

RNase A@C-dots for in vivo this website imaging of gastric cancer As shown in Figure 7, obvious luminescence signal could be observed in the tumor after intratumoral injection. The RNase A@C-dots resulted in high contrast images and could be easily distinguished from the background. The luminescence intensity shows a clear time-dependent characteristic. Twelve hours after injection, the luminescence intensity had been dramatically decreased. This could probably be explained by the ability of carbon dots to pass the glomerulus and be excreted by urine [38]. Figure

7 Representative in vivo fluorescence images of MGC-803 tumor-bearing mouse. After intratumoral injection with RNase A@C-dots after 10 min, 4 h and 12 h. Conclusions In summary, we have synthesized the multifunctional RNase A@C-dots particles by one-step microwave method using the biological molecule of RNase A as an assistant reagent. The RNase A@C-dots show much enhanced fluorescence intensity in contrast to bare C-dots. The quantum yield is nearly 30 times higher reaching 24.20% instead of 0.87% with a narrow Stokes shift only of approximately 80 nm. The RNase A@C-dots could not only penetrate the cell membrane but can also enter the nuclei of cells efficiently. Moreover, the RNase A@C-dots also show potential ability in inhibiting and killing cancer cells. Hopefully, the RNase A@C-dots could be used in nanodiagnostics

and nanotherapeutics CX-5461 in the feature. But before that, the detailed mechanism which still remains vague behind the interactions Protein kinase N1 between the C-dots and cancer cells should be fully understood. Supporting information Supporting information is available from the XX Online Library or from the author. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (973 Project) (No. 2011CB933100), National Natural Scientific Fund (Nos. 81225010, 81327002, 31100717 and 31170961), 863 project of China (2012AA022703), Shanghai

Science and Technology Fund (Nos. 13NM1401500 and 11 nm0504200), and Shanghai Jiao Tong University HSP targets Innovation Fund for Postgraduates (No. AE340011). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Supplementary figures. A document showing six supplementary figures showing UV–Vis absorption of RNase A, PL and XPS spectra of C-dots, and influence of ratio reactants, reaction time, carbon sources, and surface modification molecules on the PL character of RNase A@C-dots. (DOCX 1 MB) References 1. Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn HJ, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens WA: Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:12736–12737. 10.1021/ja040082hCrossRef 2. Baker SN, Baker GA: Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew Chem Int Ed 2010, 49:6726–6744. 10.1002/anie.200906623CrossRef 3. Li H, Kang Z, Liu Y, Lee S-T: Carbon nanodots: synthesis, properties and applications.

In addition, an ontology analysis was done using DAVID (the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery) to identify over- or under-expressed ontology categories [17]. Putative changed categories were then checked manually. DAVID has proven to be useful for prokaryotes when compared with other ontology programs [18]. Energy metabolism P. gingivalis

is an asaccharolytic bacterium and cannot survive on glucose or carbohydrates alone. While some genes for carbohydrate metabolism are found in the genome, P. gingivalis derives its energy from the metabolism of amino acids [11, 13]. Takahashi and colleagues measured amino acid usage in BMS345541 culture and found that glutamate/glutamine and aspartate/asparagine were preferentially metabolized [13]. When grown on dipeptides of these substrates, P. gingivalis produced different amounts of metabolic byproducts. SU5402 chemical structure Importantly, aspartylaspartate produced significantly higher amounts https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ganetespib-sta-9090.html of acetate, which is associated with ATP formation (Fig. 2 and Additional file 1: Table S1). Internalized P. gingivalis cells showed an increase in the energy pathway from aspartate/asparagine to acetate and energy (Fig. 2). The corollary of this trend is that

the intracellular environment is energy rich for P. gingivalis. Interestingly, the protein that converts glutamate, the other favored amino acid, to 2-oxoglutarate (PGN1367, glutamate dehydrogenase) showed a decrease in abundance (Fig. 2). This may represent a preference for energy production in internalized cells or be part of a more general shift in the metabolic byproducts. We also observed a decrease in protein abundance of maltodextrin phosphorolase (PGN0733). Maltodextrin phospholase plays a role in digesting starches and, despite being an asaccharolytic organism, P. gingivalis may make some use of the starches available Farnesyltransferase in the oral cavity, but restricts this activity after internalization. Figure 2 Metabolic Map of Energy and Cytotoxin Production. Proteins catalyzing each step are shown by their P. gingivalis PGN designation. Red up arrows indicate increased levels upon internalization,

green down arrows decreased levels, and yellow squares no statistical change. Acetyl-CoA appears as a substrate and product at multiple points and is shown in purple. Metabolites and metabolic precursors discussed in the text are shown in bold. Cytotoxic byproducts P. gingivalis metabolism produces several short chain fatty acid byproducts that are cytotoxic (Fig. 2) and has been found to shift production between these compounds depending on growth conditions [13]. We have found a general increase in the pathway from 2-oxoglutarate to the cytotoxin propionate while the proteins in the pathways for production of the cytotoxin butyrate showed unchanged or reduced expression (Fig. 2). This is consistent with hints that byproduct production shifts away from butyrate and towards propionate during P.

After shaking, this siRNA-Lipofectin2000 mixture was then added to a 6-well plate (1.5 ml of Opti-MEM in each well). Six hours later, the medium was replaced with complete medium. Our previous study confirmed that we obtained the maximal transfection efficacy when the ratio of Lipofectin2000 to siRNA was 4 μl:4 μl. MTT assay Six hours after transfection, HCT116 cells were digested, re-suspended and seeded in a 96-well culture plate. After 24, 48 and 72 h of

incubation, cells were stained with 20 μl 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide Methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) solution (5 mg/ml) at 37°C for 4 h and subsequently made soluble in 150 μl of DMSO. Absorbance (A) was measured at 490 nm with an automated plate reader. Each sample was triplicated and the experiment was repeated three times. Cell growth curves were

calculated as mean values of each group. Flow cytometric analysis Cells were trypsinized and centrifuged at 1500 rpm/min for 5 min at 48 h after transfection. Cells were harvested and washed with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) twice. Reagents for apoptosis detection were added, and then cells were incubated in dark for 30 min and subjected AZD2014 ic50 to flow cytometry analysis (FACS). Additionally, cells were Foretinib clinical trial collected, washed with PBS, fixed with 75% ethanol at-20°C overnight, and centrifuged at 1500 rpm/min for 5 min. Then, ethanol was removed and cells were washed with PBS twice. Propidium iodide (PI) and 500 μl of RNAse were added, and then cells were incubated in dark at 4°C for 60 min. Lastly, cells were subjected to cell cycle analysis by FACS. Gene expression analysis (RT-PCR and real-time PCR) The mRNA expression of CDK8 and β-catenin in HCT116 cells after CDK8-siRNA transfection were quantified by RT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from Fludarabine cells with Trizol and subjected to reverse transcription into cDNA. CDK8 and β-catenin were amplified

from the cDNA by RT-PCR. The PCR conditions consisted of 5 min at 94°C one cycle, 30 s at 94°C, 40 s at 55°C, 45 s at 72°C, and 7 min at 72°C 40 cycles. The primer sequences were as follows: 5′-TCACCTTTGAAGCCTTTAGC-3′ (forward) and 5′-CTGATGTAGGAAGTGGGTCT-3′ (reverse) for CDK8; 5′-TGCCAAGTGGGTGGTATAGAG-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGGGATGGTGGGTGTAAGAG-3′ (reverse) for β-catenin; 5′CTGGGACGACATGGAGAAAA3′ (forward) and 5′AAGGAAGGCTGGAAGAGTGC3′ (reverse) for β-actin. The mRNA expression of CDK8 and β-catenin in colon cancer samples (n = 12) were quantified by real-time PCR. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients, and research protocols were approved by Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) of our hospital.

The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the NiCo2O4 nanoneedles was determined through nitrogen sorption measurement at 77K. Electrochemical measurements were carried out by electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E, CH Instruments

Inc., Shanghai, China) using three-electrode configuration in 2 M KOH aqueous solution. Both the pristine carbon cloth (≈1.5 × 4.0 cm2) and NCONAs (NiCo2O4 mass, ≈5 mg) were directly used as the working electrode. The value of specific capacitance (F g-1) and current rate (A g-1) was Selleckchem Cyclosporin A calculated based on the total mass of the active materials. The reference and counter electrodes were standard calomel electrode (SCE) and platinum foil, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed at a scanning rate of 2 to 40 mV s-1 CP 868596 from -0.2 to 0.6 V at room temperature. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements were carried out from -0.1 to 0.5 V at a current density of 2 to 16 A g-1, under opens NSC 683864 circuit potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed by applying an alternate current (AC) voltage with 5 mV amplitude in a frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. The specific capacitances were calculated according to equation C = (IΔt)/(ΔV × m),

where I is the constant discharge current, Δt is the discharge time, ΔV is the voltage drop upon discharging (excluding the IR drop), and m is the total mass of the active substance of the electrode material. Results and discussion Figure  1 shows the crystallographic structure and the crystallographic phase of NiCo2O4 with the spinel structure. As depicted in Figure  1a, the

Ni species occupy the octahedral sites and the Co is distributed over both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Due to the presence of mixed valences of the same cation in such spinel cobaltite, the NiCo2O4 possesses at least 2 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than that of the monometallic nickel and cobalt oxides by electron transfer taking place with relatively low activation energy between cations [12, Suplatast tosilate 26, 27]. The crystallographic phase of the as-fabricated NCONAs product was studied by the XRD technique, and the typical wide-angle diffraction pattern is shown in Figure  1b (NCONAs were scraped from carbon cloth) and Additional file 1: Figure S2. Seven well-defined diffraction peaks, including not only the peak position but also their relative intensities, can be easily indexed as cubic spinel NiCo2O4 crystalline structure. In order to further understand the composition and structure of these NCONAs samples, Raman analysis was performed and the typical Raman spectrum of the products is shown in Additional file 1: Figure S1. In the Raman spectrum of carbon cloth, the G band (1,590 cm-1) represents the in-plane bond-stretching motion of the pairs of C sp2 atoms (the E2g phonons), while the D band (1,350 cm-1) corresponds to breathing modes of rings or K-point phonons of A1g symmetry [28].