However, no review has specifically sought factors associated with the first episode of low back pain. This may be why no studies have evaluated how modification of risk factors affects the incidence of low back pain in children (Burton et al 2005). Therefore, this review specifically focuses on risk factors for the first episode of low back pain. Of particular interest is the identification of potentially modifiable risk factors, as these may indicate possible strategies

to protect young people from developing low back pain. Earlier studies and reviews into risk factors for low back pain in children and adolescents have implicated genetic factors, environmental factors (El-Metwally selleckchem et al 2008), psychosocial factors such as negative psychosocial experiences

in childhood (Cardon and Balague 2004, Jones and Macfarlane 2005), and levels of physical activity (Duggleby and Kumar 1997, Leboeuf-Yde 2004). The only risk factor established by these reviews for an episode of low back pain is a previous episode (Battie and Bigos 1991, Burton et al 2005, Hestbaek et al 2006, Hestbaek et al 2003, Jones and Macfarlane 2005). Only one of these reviews was a systematic review (Cardon and Balague 2004), and it searched only one database, searched for publications in only a 9-year period, and was published in 2004. Furthermore, none of the reviews investigated risk factors for buy Osimertinib the first episode of low back pain specifically. Therefore an up-todate systematic review is required. Such a review should consider children and adolescents up to 18 years of age, because children appear more prone to low back pain during times of increased growth (Fairbank et al 1984, Feldman et al 2001, Harreby et al 1996, Olsen et al

1992). Rapid growth in males begins at around 12.5 years, with completion typically between 13.5 and 17.5 years. Females commence and finish growth spurts on average two years prior to this (Duggleby and Kumar 1997). Therefore, the specific study questions for this systematic review were: 1. What modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been identified for the first episode of low back pain in children and adolescents? The method of this review was based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins and Green 2006), adapted for the systematic review of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies), and the MOOSE Statement (Stroup et al 2000). A grid of search terms and definitions of interest was developed and converted to a sensitive search strategy for each database searched.

Defective interferon gamma production by mononuclear cells from patients is thought to underlie the increased risk of facultative organisms (e.g., mycobacteria and listeria) in this disease [30]. Serious viral illness can also be attributed to the intrinsic immune compromise as well as the severe T cell abnormalities resulting from chemo-immunotherapy which may be prolonged. Herpes zoster reactivation can be both painful and dangerous, with a risk of dissemination Gamma-secretase inhibitor unless promptly treated. In patients presenting with infection at the time of diagnosis, there is no consensus regarding the best approach to therapy. In the initial studies utilizing

cladribine, patients with fever and active infection were excluded from the clinical trials [33]. Patients with neutropenia at the time of initial therapy may have severe and prolonged myelosuppression in response to cladribine. Therefore, initial therapy represents the time of greatest risk for the patient in terms of morbidity and mortality due to infection. Attempts at modified doses and schedules of administration of cladribine have not improved on the safety

of using this agent [34] and [35]. Saven and colleagues explored the use of filgrastim, and showed that it AC220 clinical trial reduced the duration of neutropenia with little impact on infection prevention [36] and [37]. In contrast, the interrupted schedule of pentostatin administration has enabled the use of this agent in treating some patients with hairy cell leukemia in the midst of infection [38]. Alternatively, interferon as a single agent may lead to improvement in the peripheral blood counts and has been used to effectively treat patients with infection who require therapy. The adjunctive use of filgrastim in this setting may also facilitate

a successful control of infection. Bupivacaine If alpha interferon is used as an initial therapy to improve hematologic parameters and control infection, the subsequent use of a purine analog can achieve a more durable complete remission after the patient is stabilized and the underlying infection is controlled [39] and [40]. Prior exposure to alpha interferon does not preclude subsequent response to pentostatin [38]. During induction therapy for HCL and subsequent follow-up, the use of prophylaxis for P. jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) and herpes simplex virus/varicella zoster virus (HSV/VZV) is not uniformly practiced. Both pentostatin and cladribine are known to result in significant lymphodepletion of both B- and T-cells [41], which typically lasts for many months. Similar T cell defects have also been documented in breast cancer patients following bendamustine [42] and [43], as this agent has chemical structural features similar to the purine analogs.

Purinrezeptoren haben eine geringere Affinität für Mn als für die anderen divalenten Metalle, die sie transportieren (Ca > Mg > Ba > Mn) [56]. Schließlich scheint auch der Citrattransporter am Mn-Transport über die BBB beteiligt zu sein [81] (siehe Abb. 1). In den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten sind verschiedene analytische Methoden zur Bestimmung des Mn-Gehalts in Geweben und zur Beobachtung der Mn-Homöostase in biologischen Proben entwickelt worden. Die meisten Methoden erfordern den Verdau der gesamten organischen Matrix vor der Analyse. Mit einer kürzlich entwickelten Methode ist es jedoch möglich, Spurenkonzentrationen von Metallen ohne

Probenverdau zu messen [82]. Bei älteren Methoden bestimmt die Art der biologischen Probe selbst, auf welche Weise der Verdau erfolgen muss. Blut oder Speichel kann z. B. mithilfe LDK378 solubility dmso eines Ionenaustauschharzes verdaut werden, bei Gewebeproben ist dagegen ein Säureverdau (mit Salpeter- oder Schwefelsäure) nötig. Ungeachtet der Methode der Probenvorbereitung kann exogenes Mn biologische Proben verunreinigen und die Genauigkeit der Messungen beeinträchtigen, insbesondere bei niedrigem Mn-Spiegel. Die aktuellem Methoden zur Bestimmung des Mn-Gehalts in biologischen Proben umfassen die Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (AAS), die Atomemissionsspektrometrie (AES), die

Atomemissionsspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-AES), Z-VAD-FMK molecular weight Massenspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-MS), die Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse, die Röntgenfluorimetrie, die Spektrophotometrie sowie radioaktive Testmethoden. AAS und ICP-MS werden am häufigsten zur Bestimmung des Mn-Gehalt in biologischen Proben eingesetzt. Bei der AAS muss die Probe in eine Flamme oder einen Graphitofen (GFAAS) gesprüht werden, wo Rho die Menge des Elements mithilfe eines photoelektrischen Detektors bestimmt wird. GFAAS wird am häufigsten zur Bestimmung sehr geringer Analytmengen in festen Proben verwendet [83].

ICP-MS und ICP-AES sind vergleichbar empfindliche Methoden zur Bestimmung des Gehalts mehrerer Elemente, einschließlich Mn, sowohl in flüssigen als auch in festen biologischen Proben. In der Tat können mittels ICP-MS und ICP-AES häufig Analytkonzentrationen im Bereich von Teilen pro Billion gemessen werden [84]. Beide Probenarten müssen für die Messung vorbehandelt werden: Die Messung von Analyten (Mn) in festen Proben erfordert ein Laserablationssystem, flüssige Proben werden mit einem Zerstäuber in das ICP gesprüht. Demgegenüber wird bei der Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse die Gefahr einer Kontamination des biologischen Mn-Gehalts auf ein Mindestmaß begrenzt, da nur minimales Probenhandling erforderlich ist und keine Reagenzien verwendet werden. Darüber hinaus ist die Nachweisgrenze bei der Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse niedrig und es können Analytkonzentrationen ab 4 ng/g genau bestimmt werden [83].

All equivocal cases with H-score between 150 and 250 and any cases with non-specific staining, fixation artifacts or pseudomembranous staining were scored blinded by a second board-certified pathologist. All cases PI3K inhibitor which were found to be discrepant in positive or negative score were reanalyzed

and discussed by both pathologists before a final score was given. PFS and OS were analyzed in terms of hazard ratios [HRs] and 95% confidence intervals [CI] by Cox model, with log-rank p-values to assess significance (by EGFR IHC status using the ‘protocol-defined’ and ‘H-score with magnification rule’ methods). The p-values for ‘H-score with magnification rule (200 score cut-off)’ and H-score with magnification (10% staining cut-off) were exploratory in nature, as they were not adjusted for multiple testing. The prospective SATURN EGFR IHC analysis used samples from 370 and 372 patients in the erlotinib and placebo arms, respectively. The current analysis examined existing available samples from 351 and 361 patients in the erlotinib and placebo arms, respectively. By applying the H-score with magnification rule using a threshold of 200, we identified 303 patients in the high-score, EGFR IHC-positive group (≥200) and 409 patients in the low-score, EGFR IHC-negative group (<200). Baseline characteristics were generally similar between the overall SATURN population and the EGFR IHC subgroups, Selleck Ivacaftor however the EGFR IHC-positive

group did include more patients with squamous-cell histology compared with the IHC-negative group, as already observed in the FLEX study [6] (Table 1). The patients with EGFR wild-type disease also had similar baseline characteristics to the overall population. Of the 189 patients with EGFR wild-type disease in the placebo arm and the 199 patients with wild-type disease in the erlotinib arm, 181 and 189 patients, respectively, had valid H-score with magnification rule result. Using the H-score assessment with the magnification rule, the HR in the overall intent-to-treat (ITT) population was similar between patients with EGFR IHC-positive and -negative tumors for median Anacetrapib PFS (HR 0.68 and 0.76, respectively) and median OS (HR 0.80 for

both IHC scores), showing little difference in PFS or OS between patients with IHC H-score-positive and -negative status. Despite the difference in categorization, the HRs for median PFS and median OS comparisons were similar between the two scoring methods (Table 2). In the unselected population, erlotinib demonstrated significantly prolonged PFS compared with placebo in patients with high EGFR IHC status regardless of the method used (p < 0.0001 for protocol-defined method and exploratory p = 0.0010 for H-score with magnification rule). In the EGFR wild-type (WT) population, erlotinib provided a consistent survival benefit versus placebo, regardless of IHC scoring method used ( Table 2). The PFS for the population with protocol-defined IHC-positive disease was 12.

A5, A7, A8, A9, D4, D5, and D11 using an F2 and a BC1S2 population derived from the cross between G. barbadense cv. Hai 7124 and G. hirsutum cv. Junmian 1 [4]. In that study, 15 resistance QTL were located on the same chromosomes using a CSIL population derived from the cross between G. barbadense cv. Hai 7124 and G. hirsutum cv. TM1, and many more resistance QTL identified were novel loci. Given that each of the CSILs used contained one and/or a few substituted segments from the donor G. hirsutum cv. TM-1, all the genetic variation between a CSIL and G. hirsutum cv. TM-1 is associated with the substituted segment(s). This circumstance minimizes

background genetic effects and allows more reliable QTL detection and PV estimation. These results showed that CSIL populations are highly effective for studying resistance Mitomycin C to Verticillium AZD2281 cell line wilt. In this study, four resistance QTL were found to be located on Chr.A7, with a further three on Chr.A9. Jiang et al. [13] mapped four QTL on Chr.D7 and four on Chr.D9 for V. dahliae BP2; five QTL

on Chr.D7 and nine on Chr.D9 for V. dahliae VD8; four QTL on Chr.D7 and five on Chr.D9 for V. dahliae T9; and three QTL on Chr.D7 and seven on Chr.D7 for mixed pathogens in a F2:3 population derived from the cross between G. hirsutum cv. 60182 and G. hirsutum Interleukin-3 receptor cv. Junmian 1. The QTL-mapping results revealed that QTL clusters with high additive effects were located on Chrs.A7 and A9. Bolek et al. [14] also detected three markers (CM12, STS1, and BNL3147-2) on Chr.A11 that conditioned resistance to Verticillium wilt in G. barbadense cv. Pima S-7. In the present study, one QTL for resistance to two defoliating V. dahliae isolates was found near the SSR marker BNL3147 on Chr.D11. As Chr.A11 and D11 area pair of homoeologous chromosomes, it is clear that these two homoeologous groups harbor resistance genes, and should be carefully considered in future Verticillium wilt-resistance breeding. Verticillium wilt is a destructive disease

with global consequences for cotton production. Breeding broad-spectrum cotton cultivars with resistance to this disease and others is considered to be one of the most effective means for reducing crop losses. Conventionally, breeding for disease resistance in cotton has involved selecting resistant individuals in the nursery or field from among plants suffering from serious disease. However, this approach is unsuitable for generating plants with resistance to Verticillium wilt [2]. Furthermore, no significant breakthroughs in the breeding of resistance to Verticillium wilt have been achieved for a considerable time, owing largely to a lack of germplasm known to be immune or highly resistant to this fungal pathogen.

The AXIOSTM (XLUMENA, Inc) stent (ACSEMS), a fully-covered Nitinol stent, has a dual-flange design allowing an anchoring effect to maintain a cystenterostomy tract. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ACSEMS for PP drainage. 7 tertiary care centers (6 US, 1 EU) utilized the following inclusion criteria: symptomatic PP requiring drainage and adherence to

GI lumen that was ≥ 6 cm with ≥ 70% fluid content determined by EUS and/or CT. Technique of cystenterostomy creation and diameter of AXIOSTM stent (10 or 15 mm) was based on endoscopist Avasimibe price preference. Safety outcomes: access site-related bleeding, infection, perforation, tissue injury, and stent migration. Efficacy endpoints: successful Bcl-2 inhibitor insertion and/or removal of ACSEMS, PP resolution defined as ≥ 50% reduction in size, and lumen patency. Follow-up: EUS, and/or CT for PP status at 30 and/or 60 days, and 1 week post-stent removal. From Oct ‘11 to June ‘12, 33 patients (18M; mean age 53 ± 14 yrs) were enrolled with 28 (85%) having underlying chronic pancreatitis. Median PP size was 9.7 ± 4.0 cm. ACSEMS was successfully placed via endoscopic ultrasound

(EUS) guidance in 30/33 (91%) patients, with remaining 3 receiving double pigtail stents. Unsuccessful deployment was due to stent malposition (n=2) and delivery handle malfunction (n=1). Procedure time was 64 ± 38 minutes. PP resolution was achieved in 31/33 (94%); and 28/30 (93%) receiving ACSEMS

with93% lumen patency at stent removal. In ACSEMS subjects, PP size decreased significantly (6.7cm, 95% CI [5.6 - 7.8], p<0.0001) from baseline (10.1 ± 4.0 cm) to 30 days post-stent placement (3.4 ± 3.9 cm). For 10 subjects, the PP size was 1.9 ± 1.6 cm at 60 days. One failure required surgical necrotic debridement and 1 required stent removal post-stent old dilation due to debris partially occluding the stent. 11 subjects underwent direct endoscopic necrotic debridement through the indwelling ACSEMS to achieve PP resolution in 9/11 subjects. Complications included abdominal pain (n=3), spontaneous stent migration and back/shoulder pain (n=1), and access-site infection and stent dislodgement (n=1). ACSEMS was successfully placed in 91% of subjects. In ACSEMS subjects, PP resolution of 93% is comparable to plastic pigtail stent data with the distinct advantage of single-step stent deployment and the ability to perform endoscopic necrosectomy through the stent. Optimizing the delivery system and increased operator experience will improve technical success. “
“Subepithelial tumors (SETs) frequently lack distinct EUS features, so final diagnosis demands adequate methods of acquisition of tissue. However, histologic disgnosis of SETs is challenging: EUS-guided FNA is limited by low yield for samller lesions and often fails to provide sufficient tissue for immunohistochemistry (IH).

The results indicate that atmospheric climate conditions, rather than exchange Olaparib through the Sicily Channel, dominated the heat and water balances of the Eastern Mediterranean. Using satellite dynamic height observations across the Sicily Channel, together with the assumptions of geostrophic flows and volume conservation, the exchanges through the channel were realistically modelled. The calculated water inflow

(Qin = 1.05 ± 0.35 × 106 m3 s− 1) to the EMB was in good agreement with the results of Béranger et al. (2002) and Buongiorno Nardelli et al. (2006), but greater than those of Ferjani & Gana (2010) by approximately 0.6 × 106 m3 s− 1, partly due to the better resolution of the Sicily channel in the present study. An important trend in the water balance components was the reduced freshwater discharge into the EMB, which implies increasing salinity. This was partly due to the decrease in the River Nile’s discharge into the EMB after the building of Aswan High Dam and partly due to a decrease in the Black Sea discharge as a result of

a negative net precipitation trend over that sea. The decreased Black Sea discharge into the EMB will be of major interest in future studies, as it will influence the Aegean Sea water dynamics, especially the Eastern Mediterranean Transient phenomena. Modelled long-term surface temperature and salinity followed the reanalysed data, with respective biases of –0.4 ° C and –0.004 PSU. Modelled sea surface temperature showed a positive trend of check details 0.012 ° C yr− 1 over the period 1958–2008. This warming trend became stronger (0.03 ° C yr− 1)

for the years 1985–2008. On the other hand, satellite data set (Skliris et al. 2012) show a 0.04 ° C yr− 1 rise in EMB sea surface temperature, which agrees with our result. Yearly temperature and salinity cycles for the different three layers (surface, intermediate and deep) were also well simulated. Reanalysed and modelled water mass structure and heat balance Adenosine triphosphate components displayed good agreement, indicating that the air-sea interaction and turbulent mixing were realistically simulated. Only horizontally averaged layer quantities for the whole Eastern Mediterranean Basin were considered, and deep water convection was simply modelled using the mixing process. In Table 3 a comparison is given between different estimates of the net precipitation rates over EMB. The present modelled net precipitation rates over the years 1958–2008 showed a negative trend of –0.007 mm day− 1 yr− 1 and with yearly averaged values of –1.5 ± 1.2 mm day− 1, while reanalysed net precipitation shows no changes with yearly average values of –1.75 ± 0.8 mm day− 1 yr− 1. During the period 1985–2008, our modelled net precipitation rates showed a small positive trend of 0.01 mm day− 1 yr− 1, but the reanalysed data did not display any trend. The yearly average values of modelled and reanalysed net precipitation over the years 1985–2008 were –1.55 ± 1.2 and –1.

Par conséquent, les positions sont influencées par les systèmes de valeurs, les identités culturelles et socio-professionnelles, les perceptions des normes, les préjugés culturels, en particulier concernant la perception des risques, et les projections sur le futur. Divers auteurs ont utilisé la théorie culturelle de Douglas (1992) pour analyser les perceptions des risques d׳élèves (Simonneaux et al., 2013) et d’enseignants en science (Gardner and Jones, 2011). La théorie de Douglas (1992) reflète la polarisation sociale qui influe sur la perception du risque chez une personne. Elle rend compte des préjugés culturels influençant chez une personne donnée

sa perception des risques, du savoir et de la nature, 3 dimensions importantes dans les QSV. Douglas a identifié quatre types: le bureaucrate, l’individualiste, l’égalitaire et le fataliste. La reconnaissance de la dimension sociale de la construction selleck chemicals des savoirs scientifiques a donné une place importante à l’argumentation selleck chemicals llc dans l’apprentissage des sciences et des QSV en mobilisant des outils spécifiques empruntés aux linguistes ou adaptés de leurs travaux. L’acte langagier peut être aussi analysée dans une perspective d’action et considéré comme une modalité d’engagement à part entière. Habermas (1987) distingue les agir communicationnel, stratégique, normatif et dramaturgique. Selon

lui, l’agir communicationnel se présente comme une activité interactive orientée vers l’entente et qui a pour fonction la coordination des actions entre les participants. C’est idéalement ce qui est espéré dans un débat sur une controverse et que l’enseignement des QSV doit favoriser. Dans le cadre de la didactique des QSV, le savoir de référence n’est pas le seul savoir dit « savant ». Pour l’illustrer, prenons either l’exemple de la question des pesticides. Pour recommander la réduction des pesticides, il convient d’identifier différents modèles de production en reconnaissant les limites de solutions infaillibles, techniques et chimiques qui sont dominantes dans l’agriculture intensive. Comme Chevassus-au-Louis dans Deguine and Ferron (2008) l’indique, nous

sommes confrontés à un changement de paradigme dans les stratégies de protection des cultures. Il s’agit d’un « (…) passage progressif d’une croyance en l’arrivée d’une solution définitive et universelle – incarnée successivement par les pesticides de synthèse, la lutte biologique ou les OGM- à une approche « cousue main », combinant des approches toutes imparfaites dans un contexte local particulier. » p. 9. Les solutions doivent être combinées et contextualisées, et elles doivent s’adapter à des contextes changeants. Le modèle ne peut plus être basé sur un transfert de technologie de la recherche au terrain, mais il s’agit d’accompagner les innovations singulières des ‘paysans-chercheurs’ susceptibles de favoriser la résilience des agro-écosystèmes. La notion de modèle disparaît.

The twelve background LVs were divided into three groups: demographic variables (gender, age, education level and occupation); health- and treatment-related variables (disease burden, cardiovascular disease experience, treatment explanation satisfaction, treatment time and side PARP assay effects); and health locus of control variables (on three levels: internal, chance and powerful others). The average age of the study population was 64.2 years (S.D. ± 9.5), and the group consisted of slightly more men (51.1%) than women (48.9%). Compulsory school was the most commonly completed education level (40.0%). Approximately 40.6% of the group were in full-time or part-time work, while the remaining 59.4% were unemployed or

retired from the work market. The

distribution of demographics and key variables in the study population is shown in Table 1. In the whole group, 54.5% of patients were classified to have high adherence, and 45.5% were classified to have low adherence to their statin treatment. About one-fifth of the group reported a high disease burden (suffering from five or more diseases) and half of the group had between two and four diseases. Overall, 72.8% of the patients did not report any CVD experience, and therefore received their treatment as primary prevention, 27.2% of the group reported at least one CVD experience, so received their treatment as secondary prevention. The majority of the group did not report any side effects, BAY 80-6946 datasheet but 11.9% did experience some side effects. The Mann–Whitney U test in Table 1 showed no significant difference on internal or chance between patients with low and high adherence, only small differences were seen on the MHLC index scales. Several of the associations outlined in the research framework (Fig. Chlormezanone 1) were also significant in the correlation matrix (Table 2). The highest correlation to the adherence variables was seen with the perception of necessity of treatment. The indicator variables were tested for multicollinearity, and no variable had over 2.5 in VIF, which indicates that the risk for multicollinearity can be considered to be low. These imply acceptability of using

a structural equation model. A PLS estimation procedure was used to examine the hypothesized relationships (Fig. 2) between constructs depicted in the theoretical framework (Fig. 1). The SEM analysis showed a significant relationship between adherence and necessity of treatment (β = 0.15, p = 0.010), but not with concern ( Table 3). The explanatory variables were also tested directly against adherence, and it was found that side effects (β = −0.14, p = 0.006) had a significant effect on adherence. The analysis showed that education level (β = −0.10, p = 0.033), disease burden (β = 0.20, p < 0.001), CVD experience (β = 0.17, p < 0.001), satisfaction with treatment explanations made by a physician (β = 0.13, p = 0.008), treatment time (β = 0.14, p < 0.001) and powerful others in locus of control (β = 0.33, p < 0.

, 2013). In the same general location, Silliman et al.’s (2012) comparative observations of abnormal levels of total polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples collected in October 2010 at 3 m and 15 m from the waters’ edge indicated that MC-252 oil from the DWH spill had reached some nearshore marshes. The implication of the previous reported results is that all observational sources including visual, optical, and PolSAR identified heavily oiled and structurally damaged shoreline marshes. In contrast, only the L-band PolSAR enabled detection of low oil contamination in nearshore and interior marsh canopies

that did not exhibit visual structural Epacadostat nmr damage or manifest health impairment at canopy top. However, the lack of direct observational evidence prevents an absolute determination of whether UAVSAR-derived products detected oil exposure in interior marshes. The objective of the research described herein was to confirm whether the spatial distribution of MC-252 oil determined from ground validation corroborated the PolSAR backscatter indicator of oil extent; mainly, did MC-252 oil reach further into the marshlands, as indicated by PolSAR backscatter, than the shoreline click here oiling detected in visual and optical

surveys? It is important to note that the marshlands of Barataria Bay, as with all the southern Louisiana marshes, are subject to historic oiling from other sources. PolSAR is not sensitive to the type of oil that is being detected; thus, to merely show that there was oil in the near-shore and interior marshes, although necessary, would not be sufficient to prove that oil was likely to have been present when the PolSAR data were collected DNA Damage inhibitor after the DWH spill in 2010.

In order to confirm that MC-252 oil reached the interior marshes in northeastern Barataria Bay, Louisiana where substantial changes in the 2010 PolSAR backscatter occurred, it was imperative that the oil detected be unambiguously linked to MC-252 oil from the DWH. We accomplished this through oil source-fingerprinting of sediment samples collected in June 2011 at focused locations of observed shoreline oiling and nearshore and interior marsh sites that exhibited substantial change in the 2009 pre-spill and 2010 post-spill backscatter mechanism. Samples were also collected from sites with no substantial change for comparison. Tying the oil to the 2010 spill was critical to showing that L-band PolSAR is a legitimate method for detecting subcanopy oiling. A total of 29 sediment samples were collected at locations selected based on the UAVSAR data and in-situ field observations made in June 2011. No similar conditions of extensive oil slicks and elevated sea levels occurred after the 2010 UAVSAR PolSAR collection to the time of the marsh sediment collections one year later.