Furthermore, the effects of miR-17-92 cluster on tumorigenicity of osteosarcoma cell lines were evaluated by in vitro assays. The relative expression of miR-17-92 cluster in osteosarcoma tissues was significantly higher than those in adjacent normal tissues (P=0.001). And there was a relationship between miR-17-92 cluster upregulation and advanced TNM stage of osteosarcoma patients (P=0.037). Moreover, higher miR-17-92 cluster expression dearly predicted poorer Recurrence-free survival (P smaller than 0.001) and Overall survival (P=0.002). In the multivariate analysis, high miR-17-92 BTSA1 cell line cluster expression was an independent prognostic factor for Recurrence-free survival (P smaller

than 0.001) and Overall survival (P=0.002). Furthermore, the cellular buy Navitoclax proliferation, invasion, and migration of osteosarcoma cell lines were significantly accelerated

by miR-17-92 cluster plasmid in vitro assays. Our findings showed that miR-17-92 cluster could serve as a promising marker for tumor recurrence and survival of osteosarcoma patients. Moreover, miR-17-92 cluster has been identified as a promoter for tumorigenicity of osteosarcoma cells, thus it might be a critical targeted therapy strategy for osteosarcoma.”
“Background Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing humans to cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas; in 20% of affected families, type 2 papillary renal cell cancers (PRCCII) also occur with aggressive course and poor prognosis. HLRCC results from heterozygous germline mutations in the tumour suppressor fumarate hydratase (FH) gene.\n\nMethods As part of the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) ‘Inherited predispositions to kidney cancer’ network, sequence analysis and a functional study of FH were preformed

in 56 families with clinically proven or suspected HLRCC and in 23 patients with isolated PRCCII (5 familial and 18 sporadic).\n\nResults The study identified 32 different germline FH mutations (15 missense, 6 frameshifts, 4 nonsense, 1 deletion/insertion, 5 splice site, and 1 complete deletion) in 40/56 (71.4%) families with proven or suspected HLRCC and in 4/23 (17.4%) selleck products probands with PRCCII alone, including 2 sporadic cases. 21 of these were novel and all were demonstrated as deleterious by significant reduction of FH enzymatic activity. In addition, 5 asymptomatic parents in 3 families were confirmed as carrying disease-causing mutations.\n\nConclusions This study identified and characterised 21 novel FH mutations and demonstrated that PRCCII can be the only one manifestation of HLRCC. Due to the incomplete penetrance of HLRCC, the authors propose to extend the FH mutation analysis to every patient with PRCCII occurring before 40 years of age or when renal tumour harbours characteristic histologic features, in order to discover previously ignored HLRCC affected families.

A significant diamagnetic shift (similar to 2.5meV) develops for magnetic fields above similar to 8T, which is accompanied by a narrowing of the emission bandwidth and a substantial increase in the difference between the integrated intensities of the sigma(+) and sigma(-) polarizations in the MPL spectra. This, along with a peculiar spectral dependence of the polarization degree which evolves with increasing magnetic field, is

interpreted in terms of bound and free magneto excitons in the system where Bi-related levels become hybridized to different extents with the valence and conduction bands of the GaAs host material. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of about 20-24 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html nt small non-coding RNAs that can regulate their target gene expression transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. There are an increasing number of studies describing the identification of new components and regulatory mechanisms involved in the miRNA biogenesis and effector pathway ACY-241 as well as new functions of miRNAs in plant development. This review mainly focuses on the components involved in this pathway, and the developmental defects associated with the corresponding mutations. Some functions of important miRNAs in plant development, together with

the modes of miRNA action, are also discussed in this review to describe the recent advance in this area.”
“In this study, gellan sulfate (GS), a novel anticoagulant, was prepared by mixing deacetylated gellan and the dimethylformamide/sulfur trioxide (DMF-SO3) complex; this complex was prepared by adding varying volumes of chlorosulfonic acid (CISO(3)H) to DMF. The anticoagulant properties Crenolanib purchase of GS were measured by determining the coagulation time, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of normal whole blood samples and by analyzing the activation of hemocoagulation

factors V, VIII, IX, X, and XII. We found that 0.04 mg/mL of GS with 40% sulfonation exhibits anticoagulant properties. GS selectively suppressed the activation of hemocoagulation factors XI and XII in the initial steps of the contact activation pathway. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that the mechanism underlying the anticoagulation effects of GS was different from that of heparin. In addition, GS did not react with other hemocoagulation factors such as factors IX and X, and its activity was independent of antithrombin. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the clinical fracture incidence of tooth-supported all-ceramic crowns according to restored tooth type.

Patients on prehospital

low-dose (81 mg) aspirin therapy were matched with patients exclusive of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy using propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio for age, Glasgow Coma Scale, head Abbreviated Injury Scale score, Injury Severity Score, and neurological examination. Outcome measures were progression on RHCT and subsequent neurosurgical intervention. Results: A total of 144 patients who had intracranial hemorrhage on initial CT scan (ASA group: 72; No-ASA group: 72) were enrolled. The mean age was 72.8 +/- 11.7 years, 59.7% were male, and median head Abbreviated Injury Scale was 3 (2-3). There was no difference in progression on RHCT (25% in ASA versus 16.6% in no-ASA), change check details in management as a result of RHCT (1.4% versus 1.4%), RHCT as a result of neurological decline (0 versus 1.4%), discharge Glasgow Coma Scale (15 [14-15] versus 15 [14-15]), and mortality (0 versus 1.4%) between the two groups. Conclusions: Low-dose aspirin therapy is not associated with progression of initial insult on RHCT or clinical deterioration. Prehospital low-dose aspirin therapy as a sole criterion should not warrant a routine repeat head

CT in traumatic brain injury. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“A crumpled sheet of paper displays an intricate pattern of creases and point-like singular structures, termed d-cones. It is typically assumed that elongated creases form when ridges connecting selleck kinase inhibitor two d-cones fold beyond the material yielding threshold, and scarring is thus a by-product of the folding dynamics that seek to minimize elastic energy. NVP-LDE225 solubility dmso Here we show that rather than merely being the consequence of folding, plasticity can act as its instigator. We introduce and characterize a different type of crease that is inherently plastic and is formed by the propagation

of a single point defect. When a pre-existing d-cone is strained beyond a certain threshold, the singular structure at its apex sharpens abruptly. The resulting focusing of strains yields the material just ahead of the singularity, allowing it to propagate, leaving a furrow-like scar in its wake. We suggest an intuitive fracture analogue to explain the creation of furrows.”
“Cynomolgus macaques are widely used as an animal model in biomedical research. We have established an immortalized cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line (MSF-T) by transducing primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from a 13-year-old male cynomolgus macaque with a retrovirus vector expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The MSF-T cells showed increased telomerase enzyme activity and reached over 200 in vitro passages compared to the non-transduced dermal fibroblasts, which reached senescence after 43 passages. The MSF-T cell line is free of mycoplasma contamination and is permissive to the newly identified cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus (CyCMV). CyCMV productively infects MSF-T cells and induces down-regulation of MHC class I expression.

22.29 +/- 2.21 mm, p smaller than 0.001), which represented an absolute and percent decrease in stent dimension of 1.10 +/- 0.40 mm and 4.70 +/- 1.76%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the predictors of larger recoil

were a higher prosthesis/annulus ratio (r(2)=0.0624, p=0.015) and the SAPIEN XT prosthesis (r(2)=0.1276, p=0.001). No significant changes in haemodynamic performance were observed at discharge and follow-up in patients with larger recoil. Conclusions: TAVI with a balloon-expandable valve was systematically associated with a certain degree of valve stent recoil after balloon deflation. www.selleckchem.com/products/Pazopanib-Hydrochloride.html A higher degree of valve oversizing and the SAPIEN XT prosthesis predicted a larger degree of stent recoil.”
“A novel phosphorylation Selleckchem LY3023414 motif for casein kinase 1 (CK1) in response to two sulfated lipids [sulfatide and cholesterol-3-sulfate (SCS)] was determined, using three functional proteins [myelin basic protein (MBP), tau protein (TP) and RhoA (a small GTPase)] and five

synthetic NIBP peptides as phosphate acceptors for the kinase in vitro. It was found that (i) MBP, p8 (positions 38-118) cleaved from MBP, and a synthetic peptide M103 were effectively phosphorylated, by CK1 delta in the presence of SCS; (ii) sulfatide in comparison with CH-3S highly enhanced autophosphorylation of CK1 delta; (iii) SCS had a high binding affinity with NIBP and peptide M103, but not other MBP peptides lacking K-G-R; and (iv) a novel consensus phosphorylation motif (K/R-X-K/R-X-X-S/T)

for CK1 was identified among several SCS-binding proteins (SCS-BPs) and three CK1 isoforms (delta, learn more epsilon and gamma). The binding of SCS to two basic brain proteins (MBP and TP) resulted in the high stimulation of their phosphorylation by three CK1 isoforms (c 6 and 6), but not CK1 gamma. In contrast, an acidic protein (RhoA) was effectively phosphorylated by CK1 delta in the presence of SCS, and also highly phosphorylated by CK1 gamma in the presence of sulfatide. Our results presented here suggest that (i) sulfatide may function as an effective stimulator for autophosphorylation of CK1; and (ii) cellular SCS-binding proteins, containing novel phosphorylation motifs for CK1, may be preferentially phosphorylated by CK1 with isoform specificity at the highly accumulated level of SCS in the brain.”
“Objectives: To determine the patterns and proximity of reflux events in patients with adult-onset asthma (AOA) using hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII) and to assess outcomes of antireflux surgery (ARS) in patients with AOA.\n\nDesign: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.\n\nSetting: University hospital.\n\nPatients, Interventions, and Outcomes: All patients with AOA referred to our testing center underwent HMII, and those with abnormal proximal exposure, defined as laryngopharyngeal reflux at least once a day and/or high esophageal reflux at least 5 times a day, subsequently underwent ARS.

No apparent long-term problems were anticipated. After cataract extraction 40 years later, he developed a localized

ulcerative keratitis adjacent to embedded gold in the cornea.\n\nMethods: To describe the clinical features, management, and outcomes.\n\nResults: Successful treatment with topical hydrocortisone was achieved. Subsequently, 3 further episodes of ulcerative SB203580 order keratitis were treated with topical steroid therapy without need for systemic immunosuppression. A systemic vasculitic/autoimmune screen was normal.\n\nDiscussion: Ocular chrysiasis is well recognized after systemic gold administration and is normally considered inert, but in this case exogenous gold deposition might have been a contributing factor to very localized and repeated episodes of stromal erosion in this man, many years after the original injury. To the best of our knowledge this is the first such reported case.”
“Background and Purpose-In neonates, the

differentiation of stroke and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is important. Neuroimaging presents technical challenges in unstable neonates, resulting in frequently delayed or missed diagnosis of stroke. Differentiating clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features would assist physicians in the timely diagnosis. We sought to determine, in neonates with seizures, Baf-A1 supplier clinical and EEG features that differentiate stroke and HIE.\n\nMethods-Retrospective cohort study comparing clinical, seizure, and EEG features in term neonates with ischemic stroke or HIE and seizures within 7 days after birth, admitted at The Hospital for Sick Children. Putative clinical and EEG predictors of stroke were analyzed with univariate and multivariate methods.\n\nResults-Sixty-two

newborns with stroke (n=27) or HIE (n=35) were studied. With univariate analysis, predictors of stroke included delayed seizure onset (>= 12-hours after birth) (P<0.0001; OR, 26.4; 95% CI, 6.8, 102.5), focal motor seizures (P=0.001; OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 2.0, 26.0) and pattern of neurological abnormalities (P<0.0001). With multivariate analysis, delayed seizure onset (P<0.0001; OR 39.7; 95% GDC-0068 mouse CI, 7.3, 217.0) and focal motor seizures (P=0.007; OR, 13.4; 95% CI, 2.1, 87.9) predicted stroke. Presence of both predictors had 100% positive predictive value and specificity, 61% negative predictive value and 37% sensitivity.\n\nConclusions-In neonates, onset of seizures beyond 12 hours of birth and clinically observed focal seizures are predictive of stroke. These preinvestigation indicators of stroke may facilitate earlier diagnosis and institution of specific management strategies. (Stroke. 2009; 40: 2402-2407.

The latter procedure has now been refined to the isolated transplantation www.selleckchem.com/products/nvp-bsk805.html of a donor Descemet membrane and its endothelium, referred to as Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Unexpectedly, clinical observation made after DMEK seemed to challenge the current concept of the state of the endothelium in FECD; we actually observed an important role for the ‘dystrophic’ host endothelium in re-endothelialization of the denuded DM, and subsequent corneal clearance. In addition, recent studies regarding the pathophysiology of FECD made us realize that the endothelial cells are not ‘dystrophic’ per se, but in the course of time

may have acquired a dysfunction instead. This paper describes the rationale behind this new concept and based on this, selleckchem discusses the possibilities for future, less invasive treatment modalities for FECD.”
“ME Zettler, MA Merchant, GN Pierce. Augmented cell cycle protein expression and kinase activity in atherosclerotic rabbit vessels. Exp Clin

Cardiol 2010;15(4):e139-e144.\n\nCell proliferation within a primary atherosclerotic plaque is controversial. Identifying changes in cell cycle protein expression and the activities of their related kinases would provide valuable evidence of mitotic activity in the atherosclerotic lesion. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein has been shown to induce a significant increase in the total number of rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. In the present study, whole aortic cell extracts were harvested from rabbits fed a cholesterol-supplemented VX-661 research buy diet for eight

weeks to induce modest plaque development, or 16 weeks to induce later, more severe plaque progression. Expression levels of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk 4) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were measured, as well as the activities of Cdk 4, Cdk 2 and Cdk 1. At both time points, the expression levels of cyclin A, Cdk 4 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were significantly elevated. The activity of all three Cdks was also increased. There were no significant differences between moderate and more severe atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, tissues that neighboured the plaques, but did not show visible plaque formation on the vessel surface, also had significantly elevated cyclin A expression levels, but not as high as in the plaque areas. In conclusion, the primary atherosclerotic plaque exhibited elevated mitotic activity as shown by increased expression levels and activities of several cell cycle proteins. Expression levels were similar during moderate and severe atherosclerosis, and were even detected in nonatherosclerotic vascular tissue bordering the plaque.”
“The nanoscale mechanical properties of live Staphylococcus aureus cells during different phases of growth were studied by atomic force microscopy.

Expression analysis of JA biosynthesis-associated genes between XinWX and XinFLM showed that

they were up-regulated during fiber initiation in the fuzzless-lintless mutant. Taken together, jasmonic acid-associated metabolism was related to cotton fiber initiation. Parallel up-regulation of AOCs expression may be important for normal fiber initiation development, while overproduction of AOCs might disrupt normal fiber development.”
“Few studies have examined the vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of 2992 HIV-infected patients was conducted from 9/2008 to 5/2009. A total of 274 adult patients had 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH) D] obtained by radioimmunoassay. None was receiving vitamin D (vitD) supplements. Vitamin selleck D status was defined as the following: vitD deficiency (vitDd) as 25(OH) D < 25 nmol/liter, vitD insufficiency (vitDi) as 25(OH) D 25-74 nmol/liter, and vitD optimal (vitDo) as 25(OH) >= 75 nmol/liter. We analyzed demographic/laboratory data. vitDd, vitDi, and vitDo were 21.2% (58

patients, 58/274), 68.6% (188 patients, 188/274), and 10.2% (28 patients, 28/274), respectively. There were significant racial differences. Blacks were 60.3% (35 patients, 35/58), 40.4% (76 patients, 76/188), and 28.6 % (8 patients, 8/28) in vitDd, vitDi, and vitDo, respectively, p = 0.002. CD4 T cell count was not different in these three groups. DZNeP However, HIV viral load was significantly different. Median log 10 HIV viral load was 2.31 with IQR 1.70-409, 1.70 with IQR 1.70-2.96, and 1.70 with IQR 1.70-2.78 in vitDd, vitDi, and vitDo, respectively,

p = 0.039. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that black race [ odd ratio (OR) 4.108, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.462-11.543, p = 0.007] and HIV viral load > 50 copies/ml (OR 2.396, 95% CI 1.120-5.127, p = 0.024) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in HIV-infected patients. Linsitinib cost Detectable HIV viremia and dark skin (black ethnicity) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency. Evaluation of vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients should be considered and further studies are needed to define the effects of vitamin D.”
“Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological disorder characterized by the loss of ability of the hematopoietic progenitor cells to differentiate and proliferate normally leading to an accumulation of immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Several novel molecular genetic aberrations in FLT3 and NPM1 have been shown to have a prognostic impact in AML, particularly in those having normal karyotype.

The optimization is conducted in order to maximize the fundamental

modal loss factor, using gradient based algorithms, and afterwards, considering steady state harmonic motion the analysis is conducted in time domain to obtain the structure response. The model is applied in the solution of some illustrative examples and the results are presented and discussed. (C) 2012 Civil-Comp Ltd and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Parental decisions about organ donation by their child are influenced by many factors. One of these factors may Selleck CCI-779 be a previous discussion under non-crisis circumstances. The question then arises whether parents have thought about this topic for themselves and discussed it with each other or with their child. Methods: An initial exploratory Internet survey to explore these discussions, parental opinions about school lessons on donation, the age threshold for a child to decide about donation, and determinants that influence these aspects. Questionnaire was sent to 14,000 panel members. We selected respondents with children younger than 16 years old. Results: Questionnaire response rate was 35%. Of all 1146 respondents with children,

84% had discussed the topic with their partner and, on average, 46.5% had discussed this with their child aged 10-16 years old. Religion and educational level of the parents were PR171 not related. Sixty-nine percent of parents were positive

towards school lessons. Most of the children were allowed to decide HSP990 cell line for themselves at the age of 15/16 years old. Conclusion: Family discussions between spouses about donation do occur frequently; however, discussion with children can be improved. If desired, triggers for beginning these conversations could be provided through public information and school education, which would also contribute to health literacy on this subject. Key words: child; education; family discussions; organ donation; parents.”
“A collective asymmetric synthesis of phenan-throindolizidine and phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids (-)-antofine, (-)-cryptopleurine, (-)-tylophorine, and (-)-tylocrebrine was achieved by means of a reaction sequence involving efficient generation of chiral homoallylic amine intermediates by asymmetric allylation of the corresponding tert-butanesulfinyl imine. From these intermediates, the pyrrolidine and piperidine rings were constructed by means of an intramolecular S(N)2 substitution reaction and a ring-closing metathesis reaction, respectively. The unusual C5-methoxy-substituted phenanthrene moiety of (-)-tylocrebrine was generated by means of an InCl3-catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction of an o-propargylbiaryl compound.”
“Nondioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) are legacy environmental contaminants with contemporary unintentional sources.

The mean FMD was 3.8 +/- 2.4%. Decreasing 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels were associated with decreasing FMD [r = 0.44, p = 0.001]. In multivariate analysis the association remained independent after adjustment with traditional risk factors (adjusted beta 0.451; t = 3.46; p < 0.002).\n\nPatients with low vitamin D (<= 37.5 nmol/L) demonstrated low FMD compared to patients with vitamin D values > 37.5 nmol/L (4.4 +/- 2.5% vs. 2.5 +/- 1.6%; p = 0.007); however the traditional risk factors were similar between the two groups.\n\nConclusion: This is the first demonstration of an association of vitamin D deficiency with abnormal vascular endothelial

function in non-dialysis CKD patients. Further studies with intervention and exploration of the mechanism are

needed IWR-1-endo chemical structure to establish a cause effect relationship. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We studied the histologic and stereological changes induced in the right ovary of newly hatched chicks treated with LH during their embryonic development. Results indicate that LH administration causes a diminution in size and total volume (P < 0.01) of the right ovary, as well as a decrease in the total volume of lacunar channels, blood vessels, and interstitium. Other changes obtained after LH treatment were a reduction (P < 0.001) in the number of germ cells, as well as an increase in the total volume of interstitial cell cords (P < 0.01). This expansion is due to the increase of cellular volume of interstitial cells (P < 0.001) and not Cl-amidine in vivo selleck products to their number, which decrease in the LH-treated right ovary. All these modifications were similar to those occurring in the regressing right ovary during development. The

findings suggest that the right ovary of the newly hatched chick is able to respond to LH treatment during embryonic development, inducing marked histologic changes that accelerate its regression. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The source of acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients remains unknown. Patient-to-patient transmission has been well documented but the role of the environment as a source of initial infection is as yet unclear.\n\nIn the present study, the origin of the first P. aeruginosa isolate in CF patients was investigated by comparing the P. aeruginosa genotype(s) from newly infected patients with genotypes of P. aeruginosa isolates from the home environment and from other patients from the same CF centre.\n\nA total of 50 newly infected patients were studied. P. aeruginosa could be cultured from 5.9% of the environmental samples, corresponding to 18 patients. For nine of these, the genotype of the environmental P. aeruginosa isolate was identical to the patient’s isolate. In total, 72% of the environmental P. aeruginosa isolates were encountered in the bathroom.

) and is a hydrophobic flavonoid. We examined the effects find more of dietary xanthohumol-rich hop extract in obese rats that was induced by feeding a high-fat diet. Dietary xanthohumol-rich hop extract significantly lowered the body weight gain of these rats compared to rats fed a high-fat diet without the extract. The increase of body weight, liver weight, and triacylglycerol levels in the plasma and liver of the rats fed a high-fat diet was ameliorated by dietary xanthohumol-rich hop extract. Dietary xanthohumol-rich

hop extract tended to reduce hepatic fatty acid synthesis through the reduction of hepatic SREBP1c mRNA expression in the rats fed a high-fat diet. The excreted of triacylglycerol into feces also was promoted by dietary xanthohumol-rich hop extract. Plasma adiponectin levels in the rats fed a high-fat buy GSK1838705A diet also tended to be elevated by dietary xanthohumol-rich hop extract. Thus, xanthohumol-rich hop extract may inhibit the increase of body weight, liver weight, and triacylglycerol in the plasma and liver induced

by feeding high-fat diet through the regulation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism and inhibition of intestinal fat absorption. Therefore, xanthohumol-rich hop extract may exert preventive function on the increase of body weight and tissue triacylglycerol levels by overnutrition.”
“Bones of the craniofacial skeleton are derived from two distinct cell lineages, cranial neural crest and P505-15 mesoderm, and articulate at sutures and synchondroses which represent major bone growth sites. Premature fusion of cranial suture(s) is associated with craniofacial dysmorphogenesis caused in part by alteration in the growth potential at sutures and can occur as an isolated birth defect or as part of a syndrome, such as Apert syndrome. Conditional expression of the Apert FGFR2 S252W mutation in cells derived from mesoderm was previously shown to be necessary and sufficient to cause corona] craniosynostosis. Here we used micro computed tomography images of mice expressing the Apert mutation constitutively in either

mesoderm- or neural crest-derived cells to quantify craniofacial shape variation and suture fusion patterns, and to identify shape changes in craniofacial bones derived from the lineage not expressing the mutation, referred to here as secondary shape changes. Our results show that at postnatal day 0: (i) conditional expression of the FGFR2 S252W mutation in neural crest-derived tissues causes a more severe craniofacial phenotype than when expressed in mesoderm-derived tissues; and (ii) both mesoderm- and neural crest-specific mouse models display secondary shape changes. We also show that premature suture fusion is not necessarily dependent on the expression of the FGFR2 S252W mutation in the sutural mesenchyme.