The course of the branch is location-dependent. Medially, it runs a nearly vertical course; medial to the patellar tendon, it has a 45 distal-lateral course; and on the patella and patellar tendon, it runs a close to horizontal-lateral course. Three low risk zones for iatrogenic nerve injury were identified: one is on the medial side of the knee, at the level of the tibial tuberosity, where a -45 degrees oblique incision is least prone to damage the nerves, and two zones are located medial to the patellar apex (cranial and caudal), where close to horizontal incisions

are least Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor prone to damage the nerves.

Conclusions: The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is at risk for iatrogenic damage in anteromedial knee surgery, especially when longitudinal incisions are made. There are three low risk zones for a safer anterior approach to the knee. The direction of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is location-dependent. www.selleckchem.com/products/gw4869.html To minimize iatrogenic damage to the nerve, the direction of incisions should be

parallel to the direction of the nerve when technically possible.”
“P>Sulfur is a macronutrient that is necessary for plant growth and development. Sulfate, a major source of sulfur, is taken up by plant roots and transported into various tissues for assimilation. During sulfate limitation, expression of miR395 is significantly up-regulated. miR395 targets two families of genes, ATP sulfurylases (encoded by APS genes) and sulfate transporter 2;1 (SULTR2;1, also called AST68), both of which are involved in the sulfate metabolism pathway. Their transcripts are suppressed strongly in miR395-over-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis,

which over-accumulates sulfate in the shoot but not in the root. APS1 knockdown mutants accumulate twice as much sulfate as the wild-type. By constructing APS4-RNAi transgenic plants, we found that silencing the APS4 gene also results in over-accumulation of sulfate. Even though miR395-over-expressing transgenic plants over-accumulate sulfate in the shoot, they display sulfur deficiency symptoms. Additionally, the distribution of sulfate from older to younger leaves is impaired in miR395-over-expressing plants, similar to a SULTR2;1 loss-of-function mutant. The aps1-1 sultr2;1 selleck chemicals llc APS4-RNAi triply repressed mutants phenocopied miR395-over-expressing plants. Our research showed that miR395 is involved in the regulation of sulfate accumulation and allocation by targeting APS genes and SULTR2;1, respectively.”
“Purpose: To determine the values of iron accumulation in the basal ganglia of healthy volunteers of different ages with R2* and raw signal intensity measurements from T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images, supported by voxel-based relaxometry (VBR), and to compare them with previously reported iron concentrations found in autopsy material.

A

benign mass was surgically removed selleck 17 years ago, after which a cystic lesion gradually developed at the same site. The resected mass appeared as a thick-walled cyst filled with brown necrotic and hemorrhagic material. On microscopic examination, the cyst wall was primarily necrotic tissue with some aggregates of large atypical lymphoid cells. These atypical cells were diffusely positive for CD20 and showed a high proliferation index, Epstein-Barr virus positivity, and clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin gene. His present condition was diagnosed as Epstein-Barr virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arising from chronic inflammation. It is important to be aware of the clinical manifestations and histological features of this rare disease in light of diagnosis and treatment.”
“Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous, multifactorial and multifocal disease. Therefore, the search for a combination of assays using a panel of tumor markers is fundamental for

a more precise and reliable diagnosis. In the present study we investigated the diagnostic value of five different genes, associated with PCa carcinogenesis, encoding for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), serine protease Hepsin, PCa antigen 3 (PCA3), UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galatosamine transferase (GalNAC-T3) and prostate-specific signaling pathway antigen (PSA). Forty-four patients, with previously untreated, histologically verified PCa and forty-six patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were enrolled in this study. Absolute concentration of the transcript levels of each gene was calculated by quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis in urine sediments of men suffering from PCa or BPH after prostatic massage. The diagnostic value of a concomitant examination of these markers was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. We demonstrated that the diagnostic potential of the combined urinary PSA and PSMA https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hmpl-504-azd6094-volitinib.html level was significantly better than that of each singularly considered marker, including total serum PSA, the present gold standard

test for PCa diagnosis.”
“Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of primordial neural crest origin. It usually develops along the sympathetic nervous system, such as the adrenal glands or paramedian sympathetic chain and metastasizes to the liver most frequently. However, a primary hepatic neuroblastoma has not been reported yet. Here, we report a case of 29-year-old woman who presented with a solitary hepatic mass. Grossly, the mass was large, creamy, rubbery firm, and showed focal hemorrhage and central cavitation. Microscopically, the tumor cells were arranged in small nests of spindle to ovoid cells with abundant neuropil. The neuroblastic nature of the tumor was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Our lab has undertaken a series of studies in rats involving pregnant dams, neo- and perinatal pups, and adult animals. Animals were exposed to various concentrations of dietary Fe and/or Mn, and protein transporter expression, blood Mn and Fe concentrations, brain transition metal concentrations, and temporal brain deposition patterns were examined. As a result, we have demonstrated the importance of the interdependence of the transport of Mn and Fe, and established brain metal concentrations in several longitudinal

studies. The purpose of this review is to examine these studies in their entirety and highlight the importance GDC-0068 clinical trial of monitoring the deposition and accumulation of both Mn and Fe when designing future studies related to either dietary or environmental changes in transition selleck inhibitor metal levels. Finally, this review will provide information about various transport proteins currently under investigation in the research community related to Fe and Mn regulation and transport.”
“A pregnant patient, with

term intrauterine fetal demise, who developed cardiopulmonary arrest during labor, followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) that was treated with Recombinant Factor VIIa, is presented.

A 22-year-old Turkish woman was admitted to our antenatal clinic at 39 weeks 6 days of gestation with a complaint of decreased fetal movements for the previous 3 days. Shortly after presentation, she was noted to have

circumoral cyanosis with shortness of breath and sudden loss of consciousness. After a 3,220 g macerated male fetus was delivered, persistent bleeding occurred in the mother and was managed with Recombinant Factor VIIa at a dose of 90 mcg/kg. She died 8 days after the admission due to multiple organ failure.

Recombinant Factor VIIa may be a treatment option for hemorrhage in patients with DIC related to AFE.”
“BackgroundThis prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to evaluate the use of intranasally administered dexmedetomidine vs intranasal midazolam as a premedication in children undergoing complete dental rehabilitation.

MethodsSeventy-two children of American Society of Anesthesiology classification (ASA) physical status (I & II), learn more aged 3-6years, were randomly assigned to one of two equal groups. Group M received intranasal midazolam (0.2mgkg(-1)), and group D received intranasal dexmedetomidine (1gkg(-1)). The patients’ sedation status, mask acceptance, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded by an observer until anesthesia induction. Recovery conditions, postoperative pain, and postoperative agitation were also recorded.

ResultsThe median onset of sedation was significantly shorter in group M 15 (10-25) min than in group D 25 (20-40) min (P=0.001). Compared with the children in group M, those in group D were significantly more sedated when they were separated from their parents (77.8% vs 44.

Significant liver disease is rare in patients with chronic HBV and persistently normal ALT and liver histology of chronic HBV infected patients with normal ALT cannot be generalized to other

patients with normal ALT that were not biopsied.”
“From 2000 to 2007, 19 Austrian children (aged 6-18 years) had serologically verified nephropathia epidemica. Common clinical features were abdominal/flank/back pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, and transient visual disturbances. Acute renal failure was present in 18 (95%) patients. All patients recovered completely. Childhood nephropathia epidemica in Austria takes a similar course to those reported for Northern European Puumala virus strains.”
“Hepatitis B e antigen click here (HBeAg)-negative hepatitis B commonly requires long-term treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues aiming at persistently suppressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication to EVP4593 halt progression of liver disease and prevent complications. Entecavir (ETV) is widely used in HBeAg-negative hepatitis B, but distinct HBV polymerase mutations can confer resistance against ETV, in conjunction with

lamivudine resistance. Precore (PC) and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations that underlie HBeAg-negativity enhance replication of lamivudine-resistant mutants. To comprehensively analyse the impact of PC or BCP mutations on viral replication of ETV-resistant HBV mutants, replication-competent HBV constructs were generated harbouring lamivudine resistance (rtM204V/rtL180M, rtM204I) plus ETV resistance (rtS202G, rtS202I or rtT184G) on wild-type (WT)-, PC- and BCP-backgrounds. Functional consequences

on viral fitness and susceptibility to antivirals were assessed in vitro. The presence of any ETV resistance drastically reduced viral replication when compared to WT HBV. In rtS202G mutants (plus lamivudine resistance), addition of either PC or BCP mutations moderately enhanced the reduced replication, without reaching WT HBV levels. In rtS202I or rtT184G mutants, PC and BCP mutations did not significantly improve viral fitness. All ETV-resistant constructs, independently of PC or BCP mutations, showed resistance towards ETV and lamivudine, PXD101 mouse but remained susceptible to tenofovir. Our data demonstrate that HBeAg-suppressing PC or BCP mutations cannot restore the strongly reduced replicative capacity of ETV-resistant HBV mutants to WT level, although they moderately increase replication of rtS202G combination mutants. ETV resistance thereby differs from lamivudine resistance alone, corroborating that ETV is in short term a safe option for HBeAg-negative patients.”
“Objectives: The ternary complex is composed of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and acid labile subunit (ALS). Growth hormone (GH) promotes IGFBP-3 proteolysis to release free IGF-I, ALS, and IGFBP-3 fragments.

03 cc. Mean dose to brain stem, pituitary hypothalamic axis, and optic chiasm was 2.5, 0.72, and 0.49 Gy, respectively. At a median follow-up of 22 Rigosertib clinical trial months (range 1.5-71.2 months), 7 of 10 patients presenting with a neurological deficit showed significant improvement. All 15 patients who underwent MRA 1.5-2 years after SRS had no residual nidus yielding an MRA complete obliteration rate of 100%. Twelve patients also underwent a check DSA, which confirmed obliteration in 11 of them resulting in an accuracy of MRA of 92%. One patient after SRS had transient deterioration of motor power, which resolved completely

after a short course of steroids and another had mild worsening of the hemiparesis. All patients are able to lead an active functional life.

Conclusions: Careful selection of cases suitable for SRS provides optimum obliteration rates with low toxicity.”
“Experimental evidence has shown that the polyphenols in black tea exhibit strong antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo. The objective of the present study was to analyse and compare the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of five brands of tea

and to evaluate whether the addition of different varieties of soya milk decreased the TAC compared to semi-skimmed bovine milk. Each of the teas analysed was a significant source of antioxidants (7796-10,434 mu mol/IFRAP). The addition of milk lowered BIIB057 mouse the TAC of each of the teas analysed. When compared to tea with semi-skimmed bovine milk, each of the five teas analysed had either significantly higher antioxidant values or no change after the addition of soya milk The addition of soya milk to black tea may be a useful

alternative to semi-skimmed bovine milk if wishing to maintain the overall antioxidant potential of the tea infusion. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Migraine and depression are recognized as comorbid disorders on the basis of several epidemiological data and on the possibility of shared mechanisms. On the other hand, there is a lack of studies concerning therapeutic strategies in patients with this comorbidity. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the literature about the migraine and depression comorbidity and on the putative common neurobiological Selleck Rigosertib mechanisms, as well to discuss the possible therapeutic options in treating patients with both disorders.”
“Background and aims: To estimate the impact of diabetes and its complications, overall and in different age classes, on the likelihood of hospital admission for specific causes. Methods and results: We carried out a record-linkage analysis of administrative registers including data on 8,940,420 citizens in 21 Local Health Authorities in Italy. Individuals with pharmacologically treated diabetes (>= 2 prescriptions of antidiabetic agents during the year 2008) were paired in a 1: 1 proportion with those who did not receive such drugs (controls) based on propensity-score matching.

Our work was a study performed in two French

headache centers (Marseilles-Nice) from 12/2005 to 12/2008. CH patients treated with verapamil VHD (a parts per thousand yen720 mg) were considered with a PND-1186 price systematic electrocardiogram (EKG) monitoring. Among 200 CH patients, 29 (14.8%) used verapamil VHD (877 +/- A 227 mg/day). Incidence of EKG changes was 38% (11/29). Seven (24%) patients presented bradycardia considered as nonserious adverse event (NSAE) and four (14%) patients presented arrhythmia (heart block) considered as serious adverse event (SAE). Patients with EKG changes (1,003 +/- A 295 mg/day) were taking higher doses than those without EKG changes (800 +/- A 143 mg/day), but doses were similar in patients with SAE (990 +/- A 316 mg/day) and those with NSAE (1,011 +/- A 309 mg/day). Around three-quarters Copanlisib datasheet (8/11) of

patients presented a delayed-onset cardiac adverse event (delay a parts per thousand yen2 years). Our work confirms the need for systematic EKG monitoring in CH patients treated with verapamil. Such cardiac safety assessment must be continued even for patients using VHD without any adverse event for a long time.”
“The Landau free energy expression for a ferroelectric thin film studied by Tilley and Zeks [Solid State Commun. 49, 823 (1984)] (Tilley-Zeks model) and the Landau-Khalatnikov dynamic equation are used to study the surface effects (represented by the extrapolation length +/-delta) on properties of polarization reversal, namely, switching time tau(S) and coercive field e(C). Positive delta models a decrease in the local polarization at surfaces, and negative delta an increase, with a smaller absolute value of delta giving a stronger surface effect. For positive delta, tau(S) and e(C) decrease with decreasing parallel to delta parallel to while for negative delta, tau(S) and e(C) increase with decreasing parallel to delta parallel to. Strong surface effects,

represented by smaller parallel to delta parallel to, are more profound in thin CH5424802 clinical trial FE films.”
“This study tested the hypothesis that using aspirin and/or heparin as adjuvants in IVF improves the treatment outcome. This retrospective cohort-control study recruited 234 consecutive subjects aged <= 44 years who had previously had one or more unsuccessful IVF cycle. All underwent IVF using conventional protocols. The study group received aspirin and/or heparin post embryo transfer until the day of pregnancy test or until 12 weeks of pregnancy. The control group did not receive adjuvant treatment. The outcome measures were live birth, clinical pregnancy and miscarriage rates. The outcomes were compared by chi-squared test and relative-risk analysis. Analysis was performed in 206 subjects. There was no statistically significant difference in the live birth rate (35.0%, 36/103 versus 47.6%, 49/103), clinical pregnancy rate (40.8%, 42/103 versus 53.4%, 55/103) and miscarriage rate (14.3%, 6/42 versus 10.

e., by trans splicing. Our data suggest that 20S proteasomes represent a molecular machine that, due to its catalytic and structural properties, facilitates the generation of spliced peptides, thereby providing a pool of qualitatively new peptides from which functionally relevant products may be selected.”
“A BMS-777607 clinical trial systematic investigation of the influence of the absorber doping on the performance of planar, p-type, evaporated, solid-phase crystallized polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass is presented. It is found that the optimum Suns-V(oc) parameters (open-circuit voltage and pseudo fill factor) are achieved at intermediate absorber

doping of N(abs)similar to 1-2 x 10(17) cm(-3), while high short-circuit currents are achieved at the lowest absorber doping of N(abs)<= 6 x 10(15) cm(-3). Since the short-circuit current is the dominating factor to achieve high conversion efficiencies for evaporated polycrystalline silicon cells, the maximum pseudo efficiencies are achieved at very low absorber doping. The Suns-V(oc) characteristics https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Acadesine.html of lightly doped cells can be adequately described by a modified two-diode model with n(1)=1 and n(2)approximate

to 1.5, which is in contrast to the value of 2 for n(2) commonly quoted in the literature. PC1D modeling demonstrates that such a low ideality factor for space charge region recombination can be modeled by a single trap energy level located at similar to 0.18 eV away from midgap. Although the achievable

short-circuit current densities and the conversion efficiencies can be higher for textured cells, planar cells are chosen intentionally to allow accurate modeling and extraction of relevant material parameters, such as minority carrier diffusion length. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553886]“
“A set of hydroxamate derivatives of folic acid and methotrexate (MTX) was synthesized and evaluated for the inhibitory activity against histone deacetylase (HDAC) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), two enzymes overexpressed in metastasizing tumors. The synthesized compounds were further CYT387 cost screened for their antiproliferative activity in two human cancer cell lines, A549 (non-small cell lung carcinoma) and PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma). All derivatives showed significant inhibitory activity against HDACs (micromolar range) while only the MTX derivative was reasonably effective in DHFR inhibition. A docking study provided insight into the binding mode of the most potent inhibitor in the active sites of the enzymes, allowing rationalization of the bioassays. The MTX-based compound could be of interest for testing against metastasizing tumors in an animal model. The studied derivatives represent promising molecular templates for further development of dual activity anti-cancer drugs.

0001 vs baseline), 88 +/- 4 at 30 min (P < 0.0001 vs baseline), and 87 +/- 4 at 45 min (P < 0.0001 vs baseline). No change was noted on the unaffected site (upper extremity).

Conclusion: There was a statistically significant increase in tissue oxygenation as measured by NIRS following caudal anesthesia in infants and children. Although the magnitude of the change was less, this study confirms the results of previous studies

Bcl-2 inhibitor in adults showing an increase in tissue oxygenation following regional blockade.”
“Study Design. In vivo noninvasive study.

Objective. To properly quantify pedicle anatomic parameters, using subject-based CT three-dimensional models and compare the data from 2-dimensional

transverse- CT images.

Summary of Background Data. Accurate measurement of morphometric parameters of pedicle isthmus is important for transpedicular procedures. Anatomically, the Bafilomycin A1 purchase lumbar pedicle is known to be elliptical cross-sectionally and slightly inclined in the vertical plane in the lower lumbar levels. Therefore, measurement of the pedicle isthmus may be overestimated when transverse images are used. More accurate measurement of the 3-dimensional geometry of the pedicle is therefore needed. To the best of our knowledge, 3-dimensional geometry of the pedicle has not been reported as the literature values are based on 2-dimensional image data.

Methods. In vivo measurements

of the lumbar pedicle isthmus were performed on the 3-dimensional subject-based CT models, using custom-developed software in 89 volunteers.

Results. The least axis of pedicle, the longest axis of pedicle and the transverse plane width were largest at L5 in both genders. The isthmus angle declined in the lower levels. The ratio of the transverse plane width to the least axis of pedicle was largest at L5.

Conclusion. Our results showed that the least axis of pedicle, the longest axis of pedicle and the transverse plane width peaked at L5, and the transverse plane width became approximately twice as long in the lower levels compared to the upper levels. The ratio of the transverse plane width to the least axis of pedicle increased by about 40% at L5. These https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html findings highlight the fact that measuring the isthmus width from CT transverse images leads to overestimation, especially in the lower lumbar spine. Therefore, a 3-dimensional inclination of the least axis of the pedicle should be taken into account for the determination of the pedicle diameter in the lower lumbar vertebrae.”
“Objectives: To evaluate aeration/ventilation in saline-lavaged piglets during a 3-h follow-up after a recruitment maneuver (RM)/PEEP titration compared with PEEP 10 cmH(2)O without a RM.

Background: Lung recruitment and PEEP titration are used to find a PEEP preventing repetitive opening/collapsing of lung.

003) and 46% (P = 0.01) of the variation, respectively. Carbohydrate content

alone predicted the glucose and insulin responses to single foods (P < 0.001) but not to mixed meals.

Conclusion: These findings provide the first large-scale, systematic evidence of the physiologic validity and superiority of dietary GL over carbohydrate content alone to estimate postprandial glycemia and insulin demand in healthy individuals. This trial was registered at ANZCTR.org as ACTRN12610000484044. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:984-96.”
“An analysis method based on Attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy was used to measure water and alcohol sorption from watermethanol and waterisopropanol aqueous solutions in the reverse osmosis polyamide membrane. Preferential sorption selleck chemicals llc of water over alcohol was observed in the membrane. As alcohol concentration in the solution increases, the sorption selectivity of water over methanol increases from 4 to 375, whereas the sorption selectivity water over isopropanol increases only from 2 to 8. However, as water is nonsolvent for polyamide, the membrane surface structure remains unaffected by the water sorption. On the other hand, the sorption of alcohol in the

membrane VX-680 leads to decrease in characteristic IR band intensities of the polyamide implying a change in membrane surface structure which corroborates with the change in membrane surface roughness as observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Aims: We empirically identified

subtypes of inner-city users of heroin and cocaine based on type of drug used and route of administration.

Method: The sample was recruited from the communities in Baltimore, MD (SHIELD study) and consisted of 1061 participants who used heroin and or cocaine in the past 6 months on a weekly basis or more. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subtypes of drug users based on type of drug and route of administration. Logistic regression was used to compare the subtypes on depressive ARN-509 mw symptoms, injection risk and drug network compositions.

Findings: Inner-city drug users were classified into five subtypes: three subtypes of injection drug users (IDUs) [heroin injecting (n = 134: 13%), polydrug and polyroute (n = 88, 8%), and heroin and cocaine injecting (n = 404, 38%)], and two subtypes with low proportions of IDUs (LIDUs) [heroin snorting (n = 275, 26%) and crack smoking (n = 160; 14%)]. The polydrug and polyroute subtype had the highest depressive symptoms risk among all subtypes. Injection risk was lowest in the heroin injecting subtype and significantly differed from heroin and cocaine injecting subtype. The IDU subtypes also varied in the drug network compositions. The LIDU subtypes had similar depressive symptoms risk but vastly differed in the drug network compositions.

There were no significant differences in exhaled NO level between the healthy controls and

T1-T2N0M0 patients with glottic cancer or between the subgroups (T1 vs. T2). It seems that early this website glottic cancer is not associated with significant changes in the exhaled NO level. Early diagnosis of cancer is desirable, however this study does not prove that exhaled NO may be a useful biomarker in patients with early stage squamous cell glottic carcinoma. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 20:426-428 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Purpose of review

Human growth ensues from a complex interplay of physiological factors, in the wider setting of varying genetic traits and environmental influences. Intensive research in these divergent areas, and particularly in the field of genetics, continues to clarify the molecular basis of disorders which result in overgrowth, JQ1 ic50 and it is therefore timely to provide a review of these findings.

Recent findings

This article provides an overview of the factors which regulate growth, followed by a discussion of the more commonly encountered overgrowth syndromes

and their genetic basis as it is understood at the current time. There is also an added focus on recently discovered genetic associations in some conditions, such as Weaver, Perlman and Proteus syndromes.

Summary

New discoveries continue to be made regarding MK-2206 in vitro the genetic basis for many overgrowth syndromes and the development of a much needed molecular classification system for overgrowth may become possible as the interlinking functions of these genes on growth are unravelled. As there exists a wide spectrum of syndromes, disorders resulting in overgrowth can represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, from those causing prenatal overgrowth with a poor prognosis to less severe genetic aberrations which are identified in later childhood or adult life.”
“The objective of this study was to determine the effects of carbohydrates on the water

resistances and bonding strengths of soy-based adhesives (SBAs). Defatted soy flour (DSF), soy protein isolate (SPI), sucrose, and glucose were used to prepare SBAs, and the mechanisms of water resistance, hydrophilicity, and bonding strength (boiling-water test) were investigated. Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies showed that the cross-linking and hydrophobicities of cured SBAs were enhanced by Maillard reactions between soy protein and sucrose and glucose. SBAs prepared with SPI and DSF had the lowest and highest water absorptions, respectively. The highest bonding strength was 0.73 MPa, for a glucose content in the SBA of 71 wt%. The lowest bonding strength was observed in a cured SBA prepared from DSF.