An enlarged right kidney with loss of corticomedullary differentiation was observed on T1WI. The right kidney and enlarged renal pelvis were observed as large signal intensity areas on T2WI. DWI showed an increased signal intensity of the right kidney and a decreased apparent diffusion coefficient.

These findings clarified that the retroperitoneal metastasis Sotrastaurin purchase from the right testicular cancer led to hydronephrosis and dysfunctioning of the right kidney. The present case indicates that non-contrast MRI is useful for the evaluation of renal diseases even in elderly patients with renal dysfunction.”
“Current immunosuppressive regimens in renal transplantation typically include calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and corticosteroids, both of which have toxicities that can impair recipient and allograft health. This 1-year, randomized, controlled, open-label, exploratory study assessed two belatacept-based regimens compared to a tacrolimus (TAC)-based, steroid-avoiding regimen. Recipients

of living and deceased donor renal allografts were randomized 1: 1: 1 to receive belatacept-mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), belatacept-sirolimus (SRL), or TAC-MMF. All patients received induction with 4 doses of Thymoglobulin (6 mg/kg maximum) and an associated short course of corticosteroids. Eighty-nine patients were randomized and transplanted. Acute rejection occurred buy BAY 63-2521 in 4, 1 and 1 patient in the belatacept-MMF, belatacept-SRL and TAC-MMF groups, respectively, by Month 6; most acute rejection occurred in the first 3 months. More than two-thirds of patients in the belatacept groups remained on CNI- and steroid-free regimens at 12 months and the calculated glomerular filtration rate was 8-10 mL/min higher with either belatacept regimen than with TAC-MMF. Overall safety was comparable between groups. In conclusion, primary immunosuppression with belatacept may enable the simultaneous avoidance of both CNIs and corticosteroids in recipients of living and deceased standard criteria donor kidneys, with acceptable rates of acute rejection and improved renal function relative to a

TAC-based regimen.”
“The aim of this research was to characterize a new kind of Chilean Murtilla-like Barasertib berries (Myrteola nummularia (Poiret) Berg. Myrtaceae, called by locals as Daudapo) vs.well known Murtilla, blueberries, raspberries and black chokeberries. Polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols and tannins and the level of antioxidant activity by ABTS. FRAP and CUPRAC radical scavenging assays of methanol extract of studied berry samples were determined and compared. It was found that the contents of the polyphenol compounds and the level of antioxidant activity in extracts of berries differ significantly (P<0.05). The significantly highest contents of polyphenol compounds were in methanol extract of non-ripe Murtilla (121.31 +/- 5.9 mg GAE/g for polyphenols; 14.43 +/- 0.7, 31.79 +/- 1.5, and 9.93 +/- 0.

Furthermore, advances in delineating the mechanisms underlying antigen cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules and a critical role for autophagy in presenting

cytoplasmic antigens by MHC class II molecules have been made. These new insights coupled with the X-ray crystallographic solution of several peptide/MHC-T-cell receptor structures have revealed mechanisms of histoincompatibility.

Summary

On the basis of these new insights, ways to test for allograft compatibility and concoction of immunotherapies are discussed.”
“The cervical flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) is a neck extensor myoelectric “”silence”" that occurs during complete cervical and lumbar flexion. In contrast to low back pain, the changes that occur selleck chemical during FRP in chronic neck pain (CNP) patients are still not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of this phenomenon in the cervical region in CNP patients and controls.

Twenty-two women

(23 +/- A 2.62 years) with chronic non-specific neck pain and 21 healthy women (23.4 +/- A 1.68 years) participated in this study. They accomplished a cervical flexion and extension from neutral position. Neck angle and surface electromyographic activity of cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius muscles were recorded. Appearance, onset and offset angle of the FRP were analysed and compared between the two groups.

There were significant differences in the appearance of FRP between the two groups (P a parts per thousand currency sign 0.001). The FRP in the CES muscles was observed in 85.7 % of healthy Ricolinostat order subjects and in 36.3 % of CNP patients, and no FRP was observed in the upper trapezius. Results of this study show that the onset and offset of FRP parameters were significantly different between the two groups (P a parts per thousand currency sign 0.001).

The results of Selleckchem AZD1390 the present

study indicate that FRP in CNP patients was seen less than the healthy subjects, and moreover the FRP period was reduced in CNP patients. Our results also suggest that the changes in FRP of CNP patients may be due to the increased CES activity in these patients.”
“Purpose of review

With rapidly growing deceased donor kidney transplant waiting lists, solutions to the shortage of kidney donors need to come from many corners. This review focuses on the current results and upcoming medications that will allow broad expansion of ABO-incompatible transplantation as one facet to combat this issue.

Recent findings

Outcomes of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation are comparable to standard living donor transplantation but carry a significant, early risk of antibody-mediated rejection. Reducing this early rejection risk will be critical for a broader adaption of incompatible transplants.

1 +/- 6.7;

pain 55.9 +/- 6.2 vs. 47.7 +/- 6.0; health status 67.2 +/- 4.2 vs. 56.6 +/- 7.8) (arbitrary units), and mental health (vitality 60.9 +/- 6.8 vs. 54.1 +/- 7.2; social aspect 60.4 +/- 7.1 vs. 54.2 +/- 7.4; emotional aspect 64.0 +/- 5.5 vs. 58.1 +/- 6.9; mental health status 66.2 +/- 5.5 vs. 58.4 +/- 7.5) (arbitrary units).

Conclusions: Despite the difference between the cities concerning HDI values, no significant differences in quality of life were found between BH and MCG. However, the Active group showed significantly better results, confirming selleck inhibitor the importance of active lifestyle to enhance quality of life in stroke survivors.”
“In recent years, in parallel with the growing awareness of the multifactorial nature of Late Onset Alzheimer’s Disease, the possibility that epigenetic mechanisms could be involved in the onset and/or progression of the pathology assumed an Staurosporine TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor increasingly intriguing and leading role in Alzheimer’s research. Today, many scientific reports indicate the existence of an epigenetic drift during ageing, in particular in Alzheimer’s subjects. At the same time, experimental evidences are provided with the aim to demonstrate the causative or consequential role of epigenetic

mechanisms. Our research group was involved in the last ten years in studying DNA methylation, the main epigenetic modification, in relationship to altered one-carbon

metabolism (namely high homocysteine and low B vitamins levels), in Alzheimer’s experimental models. Our previous findings about the demethylation of Presenilin1 gene promoter in nutritionally-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in a transgenic mouse model clearly demonstrated that Presenilin1 is regulated by DNA methylation. One of the open questions raised by our studies was if the observed demethylation Temsirolimus clinical trial was solely due to the induced imbalance of one-carbon metabolism or could be a response to the massive deposition of amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Here we analyzed old (10 months) mice under standard diet in order to evidence possible changes in Presenilin1 promoter methylation in transgenic (TgCRND8 mice, carrying a double-mutated human APP transgene) vs. wt mice (129Sv) after prolonged exposure to amyloid. We found no differences in Presenilin1 methylation despite a slight increase in gene expression; these results suggest that amyloid production is not responsible for Presenilin1 demethylation in TgCRND8 mice brain.”
“Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) has been a very important method to probe the function-structure relationship of proteins. In this study, we introduced an easy-to-use, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based SDM method for double-stranded plasmid DNA, with a designed restriction site to ensure simple and efficient mutant screening.

TEM studies reveal the formation of ferrite nanoparticles with average grain size of 25-30 nm. (C)

2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3537949]“
“C4d+ antibody-mediated rejection Selleck Crenigacestat following pancreas transplantation has not been well characterized. Therefore, we assessed the outcomes of 27 pancreas transplantation patients (28 biopsies), with both C4d staining and donor-specific antibodies (DSA) determined, from a cohort of 257 patients. The median follow-up was 50 (interquartile range [IQR] 8-118) months. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: group 1, patients with minimal or no C4d staining and no DSA (n = 13); group 2, patients with either DSA present but no C4d, diffuse C4d+ and no DSA or focal C4d+ and DSA (n = 6); group 3,

patients with diffuse C4d+ staining and DSA (n = 9). Active septal inflammation, acinar inflammation and acinar cell injury/necrosis were significantly more abundant in group 3 than in group 2 (respective p-values: 0.009; 0.033; 0.025) and in group 1 (respective p-values: 0.034; 0.009; 0.002). The overall uncensored pancreas graft survival rate for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 53.3%, 66.7% and 34.6%, respectively (p = 0.044). In conclusion, recipients of pancreas transplants with no C4d or DSA had excellent long-term graft survival in comparison with patients with both C4d+ and DSA present. Hence, C4d should be used as an additional marker in combination with DSA in the evaluation

of pancreas transplant BMS-777607 order biopsies.”
“Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MNPs) are suitable materials for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH), provided their size is carefully tailored to the applied alternating magnetic field (AMF) frequency. Since aqueous synthesis routes produce polydisperse MNPs that are MK-8931 chemical structure not tailored for any specific AMF frequency, we have developed a comprehensive protocol for synthesizing highly monodispersed MNPs in organic solvents, specifically tailored for our field conditions (f = 376 kHz, H-0 =13.4 kA/m) and subsequently transferred them to water using a biocompatible amphiphilic polymer. These MNPs (sigma(avg.) 0.175) show truly size-dependent heating rates, indicated by a sharp peak in the specific loss power (SLP, W/g Fe3O4) for 16 nm (diameter) particles. For broader size distributions (sigma(avg.) 0.266), we observe a 30% drop in overall SLP. Furthermore, heating measurements in biological medium [Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)+10% fetal bovine serum] show a significant drop for SLP (similar to 30% reduction in 16 nm MNPs). Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements show particle hydrodynamic size increases over time once dispersed in DMEM, indicating particle agglomeration.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published evidence for those in the a parts per thousand yen55-year age group. An electronic search was conducted of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases PFTα datasheet from 1990 to December 2010. We included laparoscopic studies published in English where the results were broken down by surgical procedure, reporting a minimum 6-month follow-up for a parts per thousand yen10 patients aged a parts per thousand yen55. After

an initial screen of 2,543 titles, 298 abstracts were reviewed. Eighteen studies were included in the analysis. Of these, 10 included patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) (663 patients), and 11 included patients buy BB-94 undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) (543 patients). Meta-analyses of body mass index (BMI) reductions indicated sustained and clinically significant BMI reductions for both RYGB (mean percentage of excess weight loss at 1 year, 72.6 %) and LAGB (mean percentage of excess weight loss at 1 year, 39.1 %). The 30-day mortality was 0.30 and 0.18 % for LRYGB and LAGB, respectively. Meta-analysis of old versus young patients revealed better comorbidity and mortality outcomes for younger patients. Bariatric surgery for patients a parts

per thousand yen55 years achieves weight loss and reduction in comorbidities and mortality comparable to the general bariatric surgery population. Based on the above findings, patients should not be denied bariatric surgery on the basis of age alone.”
“The anti-inflammatory effect of 4 ‘,5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside, a constituent of the leaves of Boldoa purpurascens Cav. (Nyctaginaceae), was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity in the dextran 1% induced rat paw oedema model (acute inflammation) and the cotton pellet induced granuloma rat model (chronic inflammation). Flavonoid glycoside at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, indomethacin BEZ235 mouse at a dose of 7 mg/kg and the vehicle were administered orally. The compound showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the acute phase in

a dose dependent manner, most notably at the highest test dose 10 mg/kg. Also in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, the compound showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, with the highest effect at 10 mg/kg. In both assays, the test compound was more active than indomethacin tested at 7 mg/kg. (C) 2011 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested that marginal periodontitis is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether caries may also be associated with atherosclerosis.

METHODS: The computed tomography data sets of 292 consecutive patients, 137 women and 155 men with a mean age of 54.1 +/- 17.3 years, were analyzed.

DXM may have additional or synergistic effects with MXF.”
“Background: The stair-climbing test is commonly used in the preoperative evaluation of lung resection candidates,

but it is difficult to standardize and provides little physiologic information on the performance. Objective: To verify the association between the altitude and the VO(2peak) measured during the stair-climbing test. Methods: 109 consecutive candidates for lung resection performed a symptom-limited stair-climbing test with direct breath-by-breath measurement of VO(2peak) by a portable gas analyzer. Stepwise logistic regression and selleckchem bootstrap analyses were used to verify the association of several perioperative variables buy INCB28060 with a VO(2peak) <15 ml/kg/min. Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was also performed to develop an equation to estimate VO(2peak) from stair-climbing parameters and other patient-related variables. Results: 56% of patients climbing <14 m had a VO(2peak) <15 ml/kg/min, whereas 98% of those climbing >22 m had a VO(2peak) >15 ml/kg/min. The altitude reached at stair-climbing test resulted in the only significant predictor of a VO(2peak) <15 ml/kg/min after logistic regression analysis. Multiple regression analysis yielded an equation to estimate VO(2peak) factoring altitude (p < 0.0001), speed of

ascent (p = 0.005) and body mass index (p = 0.0008). Conclusions: There was an association between altitude and VO(2peak) measured during the stair-climbing test. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/xmu-mp-1.html Most of the patients climbing more than 22 m are able to generate high values of VO(2peak) and can proceed to surgery without any additional tests. All others need to be referred for a formal cardiopulmonary exercise test. In addition, we were able to generate an equation to estimate VO(2peak), which could assist in streamlining the preoperative workup and could be used across different settings to standardize this test. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Endoscopic stenting is a relatively new technique for the treatment of post sleeve gastrectomy

complications. Partially covered stents are used in this method to minimise the risk of migration but they are associated with difficulties with removal. Patients requiring emergency stenting following sleeve gastrectomy underwent insertion of a partially covered metallic stent. One month later, if the stent was not easily removable, a fully covered overlapping stent was inserted and the patient was readmitted 2 weeks later for removal of both stents. Four patients required stenting following sleeve gastrectomy leaks, and one patient required stenting for a stricture. In these cases, a ‘stent in a stent’ technique was used for removal. This technique allows the safe removal of partially covered stents inserted following sleeve gastrectomy complications.

(c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 1804-1814, RG-7388 cell line 2011″
“Modified-release multiple-unit tablets of loratadine and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride with different release profiles were prepared from the immediate-release pellets

comprising the above two drugs and prolonged-release pellets containing only pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The immediate-release pellets containing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride alone or in combination with loratadine were prepared using extrusion-spheronization method. The pellets of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride were coated to prolong the drug release up to 12 h. Both immediate- and prolonged-release pellets were filled into hard gelatin capsule and also compressed into tablets using inert tabletting granules of microcrystalline cellulose Ceolus KG-801. The in vitro drug dissolution study conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography method showed that both multiple-unit capsules and multiple-unit tablets released loratadine completely within a time period of 2 h, whereas the immediate-release portion of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was liberated completely within the first 10 min of dissolution study.

On the other hand, the release of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride from the prolonged release coated pellets was prolonged up to 12 hr and followed zero-order release kinetic. The drug dissolution buy Lazertinib profiles of multiple-unit tablets and multiple-unit capsules were found to be closely similar, indicating that the integrity of pellets remained unaffected during the compression process. Moreover, the friability, hardness, and disintegration time of multiple-unit tablets were found to be within BP specifications. In conclusion, modified-release pellet-based tablet system for the delivery of loratadine and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was successfully Selleckchem BI6727 developed and evaluated.”
“The aim of this study is to test the hypotheses that: 1) diagnosing the metabolic syndrome does not effectively identify insulin-resistant

(IR) individuals; and 2) waist circumference (WC) is no better than body mass index (BMI) in predicting insulin resistance or the components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Measurements of BMI, WC, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin (FPI), triglycerides (TG), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were made in 1,300 adults, without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) or drug treatment of hypertension or diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the ability of the MetS, and its components, to identify IR individuals. In addition, comparisons were made of CVD risk factors following division of the population into quartiles of FPI concentrations, and univariate and multiple regression analysis used to compare the ability of WC, BMI, and FPI as predictors of MetS components.

Data were collected at baseline, pre-treatment, post-treatment and follow-ups after 3 and 12months. Treatment effects were assessed with a multivariate analysis of covariance. Results Out of 160 relatives, 81 were assigned to EBT and 79 to the control group. Participants were 54.5 +/- 13.2years old; 69.9% were female. The multivariate model was significant for the pre-/post-comparison (p=0.005)

and the pre-/12-month comparison (p=0.05) but not for the pre-/3-month comparison. Medium to large effects on anxiety and QOL (SWLS, WHOQOL-BREF, QOL-NRS) were found at post-treatment; BVD-523 nmr medium effects on depression and QOL (QOL-NRS) emerged in the 12-month follow-up. No adverse effects of the intervention were observed. Conclusion Existential behavioural therapy appears to exert beneficial effects on distress and QOL of informal caregivers of palliative patients. Further longitudinal evidence is needed to confirm these findings. Copyright

(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“A dielectric breakdown model based on the phenomenological description of the nucleation and growth of filaments is proposed. This description involves different characteristic times according to the interfacial or bulk nature of the growth processes. The resulting time to breakdown distribution presents Weibull or bimodal shape according to the relative values of those characteristic times. In particular, the I-BET-762 clinical trial variation in the Weibull slope with thickness is observable when the interfacial process characteristic time is the larger. Bimodal shapes are observable LDC000067 in vitro when the characteristics times are in the same range and the surface scaling of the distributions influences the apparent Weibull slopes. The model is compared to experimental constant voltage stress and linear ramp voltage stress measurements made on metal insulator metal and metal oxide semiconductors structures. The physical parameters extracted

are discussed. Breakdown electric fields are derived as functions of temperature, dielectric thickness, and dielectric permittivity consistently with experimental trends. The electric field acceleration factors are also derived and depend on dielectric thickness. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3386517]“
“The outcome of pregnancy in kidney donors has generally been viewed to be favorable. We determined fetal and maternal outcomes in a large cohort of kidney donors. A total of 2102 women have donated a kidney at our institution; 1589 donors responded to our pregnancy surveys; 1085 reported 3213 pregnancies and 504 reported none. Fetal and maternal outcomes in postdonation pregnancies were comparable to published rates in the general population. Postdonation (vs. predonation) pregnancies were associated with a lower likelihood of full-term deliveries (73.7% vs. 84.6%, p = 0.

In light of its clinical course the finding of a non-inflamed appendiceal diverticulum should prompt one to consider incidental appendicectomy. We also review the literature on appendiceal diverticulitis.”
“OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients receiving directly observed treatment (DOT) had lower all-cause mortality than those treated with self-administered treatment (SAT)

and to identify factors associated with mortality among tuberculosis (TB) patients.

DESIGN: All TB patients in Taipei, Taiwan, diagnosed between 2006 and 2008 were included in a retrospective cohort study.

RESULTS: Among 3624 TB patients, 45.5% received DOT, which was disproportionately offered to older patients and those with more underlying illness and severe TB disease. After controlling for patients’ sociodemographic factors, clinical findings and underlying comorbidities, the odds of death were 40% lower (aOR Ganetespib purchase 0.60, 95%CI 0.5-0.8) among patients treated with DOT than those on SAT. After adjusting for DOT, independent predictors of death included non-Taiwan

birth, increasing age, male, unemployment, end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis, malignancy, acid-fast selleck products bacilli smear positivity and pleural effusion.

CONCLUSION: DOT was associated with lower all-cause mortality after controlling for confounding factors. DOT should be expanded in Taiwan to improve critical treatment outcomes among TB patients.”
“SETTING: A high tuberculosis (TB) burden rural area in South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To compare TB case yield and disease profile among bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated children using two case-finding strategies from birth until 2 years of age.

DESIGN: BCG-vaccinated infants were enrolled within 2 weeks of birth and randomised to 3-monthly home visits for questionnaire-based TB screening plus record surveillance of TB registers, hospital admission and

X-ray lists at health facilities for TB suspects and cases (Group 1), or record surveillance (as above) only (Group 2). Both groups received a close-out visit after 2 years. Participants were evaluated for suspected TB disease using standardised investigations.

RESULTS: A total of 4786 infants were enrolled: 2392 were randomised to Group 1 and 2394 to Group 2. The case-finding rate was significantly selleck chemical greater in Group 1 (2.2/100 py) than in Group 2 (0.8/100 py), with a case-finding rate ratio of 2.6 (95%CI 1.8-4.0, P < 0.001). Although the proportion of cases with bacteriological confirmation was lower in Group 1, this difference did not reach statistical significance. There was also no significant difference in the proportions with TB symptoms and signs.

CONCLUSION: Home visits combined with record surveillance detected significantly more cases than record surveillance with a single study-end visit. The TB case profile did not differ significantly between the two groups.

9%, 9.0%, and 0.7%, respectively. The greatest contribution to HCV (odds ratio (OR) 23.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.69-57.73) and HCV-HIV co-infection (OR 26.76, 95% CI 7.97-89.80) was injection drug use. Sexual behaviors and proxies were associated with HIV but not HCV infection.

Conclusions: Results suggest there are subgroups of MSM at risk for HCV. While sexual transmission of HCV was not ruled out, the predominant risk was needle sharing. The greater prevalence of HCV among HIV-positive men suggests the need for greater vigilance in the detection of HCV in this group. (C) 2009 International Society

for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Determining Birinapant how a biomaterial interacts with cells (“”structure-function check details relationship”) reflects its eventual clinical applicability. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of how individual material properties modulate cell-biomaterial interactions is pivotal to improving the efficacy and safety of clinically translatable biomaterial systems. However, due to the coupled nature of material properties, their individual effects on cellular responses are difficult to understand. Structure-function

relationships can be more clearly understood by the effective decoupling of each individual parameter. In this article, we discuss three basic decoupling strategies: (1) surface modification, (2) cross-linking, and (3) combinatorial approaches (i.e., copolymerization and polymer blending). Relevant examples of coupled material properties are briefly reviewed in each section to highlight the need for improved decoupling methods. This follows with examples of more effective decoupling techniques, mainly from the perspective of three primary classes of synthetic materials: polyesters, polyethylene glycol, and polyacrylamide. Recent JNK inhibitor supplier strides in decoupling methodologies, especially surface-patterning and combinatorial techniques, offer much promise in further understanding the structure-function relationships that largely govern the success of future advancements in biomaterials, tissue engineering,

and drug delivery.”
“Polystyrene-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate) block copolymers were prepared from 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy (4-oxo-TEMPO) capped polystyrene macroinitiators at a high temperature, 165 degrees C. It was found that the number-average molecular weight of PBA chains in block copolymers could reach above 10,000 rapidly at early stage of polymerization with a narrow polydispersity index of 1.2-1.4, but after that, the polymerization seemed to be retarded. Furthermore, according to the kinetic analysis, the concentration of of 4-oxo-TEMPO was increased mainly by the hydrogen transfer reaction of hydroxylamine (4-oxo-TEMPOH) to growing radicals during polymerization. This increase in 4-oxo-TEMPO concentration could retard the growth of polymer chains.