Kidney International (2011) 79, 853-860; doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.488; published online 22 December 2010″
“Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a potent antiapoptotic agent. Here, we tested whether it directly regulates renal cell survival and organ function in a model of transient renal ischemia using Hsp70 knockout, heterozygous, and wild-type mice. The kidney cortical Hsp70 content inversely

correlated with tubular injury, apoptosis, and organ dysfunction after injury. In knockout mice, ischemia caused changes in the activity of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (kinases that regulate the proapoptotic protein Bax), increased active Bax, and activated the proapoptotic protease caspase 3. As these changes

AZD8055 in vitro were significantly reduced in the wild-type mice, we tested whether Hsp70 influences ischemia-induced apoptosis. An Hsp70 inducer, geranylgeranylacetone, selleck products increased Hsp70 expression in heterozygous and wild-type mice, and reduced both ischemic tubular injury and organ dysfunction. When administered after ischemia, this inducer also decreased tubular injury and organ failure in wild-type mice but did not protect the knockout mice. ATP depletion in vitro caused greater mitochondrial Bax accumulation and death in primary proximal tubule cells harvested from knockout compared with wild-type mice and altered serine phosphorylation of a Bax peptide at the Akt-specific target site. In contrast, lentiviral-mediated Hsp70 repletion decreased mitochondrial Bax accumulation

and rescued Hsp70 knockout cells from death. Thus, increasing Hsp70 either before or after ischemic injury preserves renal function by attenuating acute kidney injury. Kidney International (2011) 79, 861-870; doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.527; published online 26 January 2011″
“As renal lipotoxicity can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), we examined the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, a positive regulator of renal lipolysis. Feeding mice a high-fat diet induced glomerular injury, and treating them with fenofibrate, a PPAR alpha agonist, increased the expression of lipolytic enzymes and reduced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in glomeruli, while inhibiting the development of albuminuria and glomerular fibrosis. https://www.selleck.cn/products/urmc-099.html In mice given an overload of free fatty acid-bound albumin to induce tubulointerstitial injury, fenofibrate attenuated the development of oxidative stress, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis, and enhanced lipolysis in the renal interstitium. Fenofibrate inhibited palmitate-induced expression of profibrotic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in cultured mesangial cells, and the expression of both monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and PAI-1 in proximal tubular cells along with the overexpression of lipolytic enzymes.

In another set of rats, HR and AP responses to L-glutamate (L-Glu) microinjections (10 mM, 20 nl) BAY 73-4506 chemical structure into the left NA and electrical stimulation of the left cervical vagus nerve at 1-30 Hz (0.5 mA, 1 ms) for 20 s were measured. Brainstem slices at the level of -800, -400, 0, +400, +800 mu m relative to the obex were processed in additional rats using Nissl staining. The NA was identified by retrogradely labeling vagal motoneurons using the tracer tetra-methylrhodamine

dextran (TMR-D) which was injected into the ipsilateral nodose ganglion. We found that CIH significantly 1) reduced the baro-reflex control of HR (slope RA: -1.2 +/- 0.2 bpm/ mmHg; CIH -0.5 +/- 0.1 bpm/mmHg; P < 0.05); 2) attenuated the HR responses to L-Glu injections into the NA [HR: -280 +/- 15 (RA) vs. -235 +/- 16 (CIH) beats/min; P < 0.05]; 3) augmented the HR responses to electrical stimulation of the vagus (P < 0.05); 4) induced a significant cellular loss in the NA region (P < 0.05). Thus, CIH induces a cell loss in the NA Selleckchem Elafibranor region which may contribute to attenuation of baroreflex sensitivity and NA control of HR following CIH. (c) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The mammalian cerebellar cortex is highly compartmentalized. First, it is subdivided into four transverse expression domains: the anterior zone (AZ), the central zone (CZ), the posterior zone (PZ), and the nodular

zone (NZ). Within each zone, the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. The most extensively

studied compartmentation antigen is zebrin II/aldolase c, which is expressed by a subset of Purkinje cells forming parasagittal stripes. Stripe phenotypes are specified early in cerebellar development, in part through the action of early B-cell factor 2 (Ebf2), a member of the atypical helix-loop-helix transcription factor family Collier/Olf1/EBF. In the murine cerebellum, PND-1186 research buy Ebf2 expression is restricted to the zebrin II-immunonegative (zebrin II-) Purkinje cell population. We have identified multiple cerebellar defects in the Ebf2 null mouse involving a combination of selective Purkinje cell death and ectopic expression of multiple genes normally restricted to the zebrin II- subset. The nature of the cerebellar defect in the Ebf2 null is different in each transverse zone. In contrast to the ectopic expression of genes characteristic of the zebrin II+ Purkinje cell phenotype, phospholipase C beta 4 expression, restricted to zebrin II- Purkinje cells in control mice, is well maintained, and the normal number of stripes is present. Taken together, these data suggest that Ebf2 regulates the expression of genes associated with the zebrin II+ Purkinje cell phenotype and that the zebrin II- Purkinje cell subtype is specified independently. (c) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The protein alpha-synuclein is implicated in the development of Parkinson’s disease.

These parameters may be valuable in the pretreatment risk assessment of this patient population.”
“The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM and its dynamically regulated

posttranslational modification polysialic acid (PSA) are major determinants of cellular interactions during ontogeny. While NCAM in the absence of PSA stabilizes cell-cell interactions, the attachment of the large and polyanionic PSA negatively influences cell adhesion and promotes plasticity. Disease-associated changes in the polysialylation state of NCAM raise the question GW4064 whether the PSA-NCAM system can affect CNS pharmacology. Here we investigated the pharmacological effects of the competitive AMPA antagonist NBQX in genetic

mouse models either lacking NCAM and PSA (female NCAM knockout mice) or being drastically reduced in the level of PSA expression (female ST8SiaIV BIBW2992 knockout mice). Studies were carried out with the respective wildtype littermate controls. In mice lacking NCAM and PSA, NBQX-induced ataxia proved to be more intense as compared with wild-type mice. On both mutant backgrounds, NBQX significantly elevated seizure thresholds during i.v. infusion of the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazole. In summary, the data demonstrate that the PSA-NCAM system impacts AMPA receptor pharmacology under in vivo conditions. The fact that comparable effects were observed in NCAM- and ST8SiaIV-knockout mice indicates that this impact is not due to a stabilizing effect of NCAM in the absence Bafilomycin A1 in vivo of PSA. Thus, disease-related changes in the polysialylation of NCAM are likely to be associated with effects on the efficacy and tolerability of AMPA receptor antagonists. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.”
“Purpose: We assessed whether the Gleason grade changes in men followed expectantly. with nonpalpable prostate

cancer diagnosed on needle biopsy (stage T1c).

Materials and Methods: We studied 241 men with stage T1c prostate cancer who were treated expectantly with repeat yearly needle biopsy sampling to assess for cancer progression. Following the initial cancer diagnosis all men had at least 1 other biopsy demonstrating cancer.

Results: Median patient age was 66 years. The number of biopsies showing cancer over time was 2 in 119 (49.4%), 3 in 74 (30.7%), 4 in 33 (13.7%) and 5 or greater in 15 (6.2%). The average followup, for those without progression was 32.3 months. Of 241 cases 45 (18.7%) showed a significant change in grade from Gleason score 6 or less to Gleason score 7 or greater (Gleason score 7 in 41 cases, Gleason score 8 in 4 cases). Of 45 (53.5%) cases 24 that showed progression did so within 24 months of diagnosis.

Conclusions: Within the first 3 years after diagnosis of Gleason score 6 prostate cancer, there is a relatively low risk of grade progression.

The centerlines are used Pim inhibitor as a central axis around which a tubular safety zone is built. The zone’s thickness incorporates the drill tip tracking errors. The system will warn when the tracked tip crosses the safety zone.

RESULTS: Neurosurgeons

using NerveClick could segment facial nerve centerlines with a maximum error of 0.44 +/- 0.23 mm (mean 6 standard deviation) on average compared with manual segmentations.

CONCLUSION: Neurosurgeons using our new NerveClick algorithm can robustly segment facial nerve centerlines to construct a facial nerve safety zone, which potentially allows timely audiovisual warnings during navigated temporal bone drilling despite tracking inaccuracies.”
“Seryl-transfer RNA synthetase (Sars) is one of the 20 aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases that are enzymes essential for protein synthesis; however, the developmental A-1331852 mouse function of Sars has not been elucidated. In zebrafish, impairment of zygotic Sars function leads to a significant dilatation of the aortic arch vessels

and aberrant branching of cranial and intersegmental vessels. This abnormal vascular branching in sars mutants can be suppressed by a form of Sars that lacks canonical function, indicating that a noncanonical activity of Sars regulates vascular development. Inhibition or knockdown of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) signaling, which plays pivotal roles in the establishment of the vascular network, suppresses the abnormal vascular branching observed in sars mutants. Here, we discuss the possible functional relationship between Sars function and Vegf signaling. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009;19:179-182) (C) 2009, Elsevier Inc.”
“Rationale Nicotine

withdrawal is characterized by depression-like symptomatology that may be mediated by dysregulations in norepinephrine transmission. These aversive aspects of nicotine withdrawal and the rewarding c-Met inhibitor effects of nicotine play major roles in maintaining nicotine dependence.

Objectives The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of desipramine (DMI), a preferential norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and antidepressant, on preclinical models of nicotine dependence in rats.

Materials and methods A rate-independent current-intensity discrete-trial threshold intracranial self-stimulation procedure was used to assess brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal induced by cessation of nicotine infusion via subcutaneous osmotic mini pumps (3.16 mg/kg/day, base). Nicotine withdrawal was also measured by somatic signs of withdrawal. DMI was administered acutely (2 or 5 mg/kg, salt) during nicotine/saline withdrawal. In other naive rats, chronic DMI treatment via mini pump (15 mg/kg/day, salt) began after 7 days of nicotine/saline exposure and continued during administration of nicotine/saline for 14 days and during nicotine/saline withdrawal.

Our results suggest the possibility that N400 anomalies reflect the disturbed integrity of the fronto-temporal network in schizophrenia evidenced by neuropsychological deficits. In addition, we concluded that the N400 amplitude is a candidate for an endophenotype marker of schizophrenia by revealing its relationship to neuropsychological deficits. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Joubert syndrome and related disorders are autosomal recessive multisystem diseases characterized

by cerebellar https://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwp-2.html vermis aplasia/hypoplasia, retinal degeneration and cystic kidney disease. There are five known genes; mutations of which give rise to a spectrum of renal cystic diseases the most common of which is nephronophthisis, a disorder characterized by early loss of urinary concentrating ability, renal fibrosis, corticomedullary cyst formation and renal failure. Many of the proteins encoded by these genes interact with one another and are located at adherens junctions or the primary cilia and or basal bodies. Here we characterize Jouberin, a multi-domain protein encoded by the AHI1 gene. Immunohistochemistry with a novel antibody showed that endogenous Jouberin is expressed in brain, kidney and HEK293 cells. In the kidney, Jouberin co-localized with aquaporin-2 in the collecting ducts. We show that Jouberin interacts with nephrocystin-1 as determined

by yeast-2-hybrid system and this was confirmed by exogenous and endogenous co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells. Dactolisib mouse Jouberin is expressed at cell-cell junctions, primary cilia and basal body of mIMCD3 cells while a Jouberin-GFP construct localized to centrosomes in subconfluent and dividing MDCK cells. Our results suggest that Jouberin is a protein whose expression pattern supports both the adherens junction and the ciliary hypotheses for abnormalities leading to nephronophthisis.”
“Background: Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions affecting children and adolescents. Although cognitive HKI-272 solubility dmso behavioral

therapy and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors have shown efficacy in treating these disorders, little is known about their relative or combined efficacy.

Methods: In this randomized, controlled trial, we assigned 488 children between the ages of 7 and 17 years who had a primary diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or social phobia to receive 14 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline (at a dose of up to 200 mg per day), a combination of sertraline and cognitive behavioral therapy, or a placebo drug for 12 weeks in a 2:2:2:1 ratio. We administered categorical and dimensional ratings of anxiety severity and impairment at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12.

Results: The percentages of children who were rated as very much or much improved on the Clinician Global Impression-Improvement scale were 80.7% for combination therapy (P<0.001), 59.7% for cognitive behavioral therapy (P<0.001), and 54.9% for sertraline (P<0.

Results indicated that caregivers were significantly more distressed than non-caregivers and exhibited deficits in learning, recall of episodic information after short and long delays, and working memory. Furthermore, the majority of group

differences in cognitive outcomes were mediated by psychological distress. This study adds to a small body of literature demonstrating impaired cognitive functioning among family caregivers. It also suggests that distress Angiogenesis inhibitor is one of a number of possible underlying mechanisms leading to disruptions in learning and memory in this population.”
“Mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain are still unclear. By using microneurography we have been able to record from single C-nociceptive and sympathetic fibers in patients and attempted to

uncover possible abnormal functional properties of these fibers of relevance for pain. In two previously published studies conducted on patients with erythromelalgia and patients with diabetic neuropathy, some of the major findings were: (1) spontaneous activity in nociceptive fibers, (2) sensitization of mechano-insensitive C-fibers, and (3) an altered distribution of C-afferent nerve fibers with a reversal of the proportion URMC-099 of the two main subtypes of C-nociceptive fibers, indicating a loss of function of polymodal nociceptors. Although some degree of spontaneous activity and sensitization also was found in patients without pain, these mechanisms may still be of importance for the development and maintenance of neuropathic QNZ molecular weight pain. A change in the distribution of C-nociceptive fibers in the skin as shown in the patients with diabetic neuropathy may help to reveal mechanisms responsible for small-fiber dysfunction. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives. This study examined the association between childhood

living conditions, socioeconomic position in adulthood, and cognition in later life. Two questions were addressed: Is there an association between childhood living conditions and late-life cognition, and if so, is the association modified or mediated by adult socioeconomic position?

Methods. Nationally representative data of the Swedish population aged 77 years and older were obtained from the 1992 and 2002 Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD). Cognition was assessed with an abbreviated version of the Mini-Mental State Examination scale. Childhood living conditions were assessed by self-reports of childhood living conditions.

Results. The results showed independent associations between conflicts in the household during childhood, father’s social class, education, own social class in adulthood, and cognition in later life. Exposure to conflicts during childhood.

HMA and SSCP analyses were suggested as methodologies suited for detecting genetic mutations of human erythroviruses in developing countries because of their practicability and minor costs for reagents and equipment. (C) 2007 Elsevier

B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Methods to study gene expression in live cells over time have been limited. One known method is the luciferase assay, which measures the luminescence of luciferase by coupling its expression to the promoter of a gene under study. This luminescence in cells can be measured over time by a luminometer. One major drawback of the luminometer, however, is that it can only measure the luminescence of a group of cells, and cannot follow the differences that may exist among individual cells. A novel luminescence microscope allows the visualization Epigenetics inhibitor of individual

luminescent cells over time through CCD photography. In this study, live single cells of the rat hippocampus were observed under the microscope for luciferase expression driven by the c-fos promoter. We showed that the cell body and neurite areas within a single neuron exhibited differences in luminescence. Because this microscope could detect differences among subcellular regions of single-cell, it may be a promising novel tool to study polarized cells like neurons, and to elucidate selleck kinase inhibitor proteins involved in neuronal processes such as dendritic/axonal targeting and synaptogenesis. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Mizoribine solubility dmso Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Accurate laboratory assays for the diagnosis of persistent oncogenic HPV infection are being recognized increasingly as essential for clinical management of women with

cervical precancerous lesions. HPV viral load has been suggested to be a surrogate marker of persistent infection. Four independent real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR assays were developed for: HPV-16, -31, -18 and/or -45 and -33 and/or -52, -58, -67. The assays had a wide dynamic range of detection and a high degree of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. In order to minimize material and hands-on time, automated nucleic acid extraction was performed using a 96-well plate format integrated into a robotic liquid handier workstation. The performance of the TaqMan assays for HPV identification was assessed by comparing results with those obtained by means of PCR using consensus primers (GP5+/GP6+) and sequencing (296 samples) and INNO-LiPA analysis (31 samples). Good agreement was found generally between results obtained by real-time PCR assays and GP(+)-PCR system (kappa statistic = 0.91).

In conclusion, this study describes four newly developed real-time PCR assays that provide a reliable and high-throughput method for detection of not only HPV DNA but also HPV activity of the most common oncogenic HPV types in cervical specimens. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V.

Pharmacological or physiological (exercise) increases in plasma ANP levels stimulate lipid mobilization in humans. This pathway becomes important during chronic

treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, which inhibit catecholamine-induced lipolysis but enhance cardiac ANP release. These findings have metabolic implications and point to potential problems when natriuretic peptide secretion is altered or during therapeutic use of recombinant BNP.”
“In this study, wild-type human CYP1A2 without the conventional N-terminal modification learn more (second codon GCT) or the truncation of the N-terminal hydrophobic region was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Its enzymatic properties were compared with N-terminally modified CYP1A2. Although modified CYP1A2 is almost all high-spin, some wild-type CYP1A2 shifted to low-spin. Spectral binding titrations with several ligands could be performed with wild-type enzyme, but not with modified enzyme. Kinetic parameters for several substrates were similar for the two CYP1A2 enzymes. However, the oxidation rates of phenacetin by modified enzyme were similar to 2-fold higher than those by wild-type enzyme. The intermolecular isotope effects were similar to 2 for phenacetin O-deethylation catalyzed by both enzymes. However, the wild-type enzyme, but not the modified enzyme, increased C-hydroxylation when

O-deethylation rates were lowered by deuterium substitution. Molecular switching indicates that phenacetin rotates within the active site of wild-type enzyme and suggests a looser conformation in the active site of the wild-type enzyme than of the modified enzyme. These results reveal Belnacasan research buy that the overall enzymatic properties of wild-type CYP1A2 enzyme are quite similar to those of modified CYP1A2, although its active site environment seems to differ from that of the modified enzyme. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Since many children with lower urinary tract symptoms are treated based on history and physical, it is important to know which symptom survey correlates best with the physician clinical impression.

We evaluated 3 tools that have been demonstrated to predict severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, the Dysfunctional Voiding AZD7762 in vivo Symptom Score, the Akbal survey and the Nelson survey. Total scores from each survey were compared to clinical impression.

Materials and Methods: Participants consisted of 36 males and 35 females referred to our pediatric urology center for lower urinary tract symptoms. A total of 37 children 4 to 10 years old completed the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score with the help of their parents, and 34 of these parents completed the Akbal survey. A total of 35 children 11 to 17 years old completed the Nelson survey. Scores from the 3 instruments were compared to the clinical impression of a pediatric urologist using rank correlation (Kendall’s tau-b test).

METHODS: Daporinad in vivo Data were collected prospectively for 35 patients with global meningiomas arising from the medial portion of the sphenoid ridge that were surgically treated between 1982 and 2002.

RESULTS: All patients were followed for the entire length of this study (mean, 12.8 yr). The tumor size ranged from 2 to 8 cm (mean, 4.5 cm). Of the 24 patients with purely intradural tumors, four (17%) had Simpson Grade I and 19 had

Simpson Grade II resections; 23 (96%) had gross total resections. Of the 11 patients with tumors extending extradurally (i.e., cavernous sinus), one (9%) patient had a Simpson Grade III resection, whereas nine (82%) had Simpson Grade III resections, with the latter being all visible tumor removed except that in the cavernous sinus. One (9%) of these 11 patients had a gross total resection, and 9 (82%) had radical resections, with the latter defined as total removal of all intradural tumor. The overall morbidity rate was 18%. There was no surgical mortality or symptomatic cerebral infarction.

CONCLUSION: An accurate classification of global medial sphenoid meningiomas is mandatory

to gain insight into their clinical behavior and for understanding the longterm efficacy and safety of available treatment options. Primary medial sphenoid ridge tumors consistently involve the unilateral arteries of the anterior cerebral circulation, and therefore, the resection of tumor from around these arteries is the most important operative nuance for their safe excision.”
“Using a viewer-centered selleck compound frame of reference (VCFR) paradigm, we examined whether the necessity to mentally manipulate the frame of reference can explain why older adults were found to be impaired on a variety of spatial memory tasks. Twenty-four

younger participants (18-35 years of age) and 24 older participants (65-78 years of age) performed a pointing task under four conditions in which a physical or imagined rotation was induced. In three conditions (updating, imagining, and ignoring), the frame of reference was shifted after encoding, Metabolism inhibitor which required a mental manipulation at the time of retrieval. In a control condition, the VCFR was held constant. Overall results show that the necessity to mentally manipulate the VCFR accentuates age-related differences. The presence of mental manipulation should therefore be considered when one is interpreting age-related differences found in spatial memory tasks.”
“OBJECTIVE: We examined the surgical approaches us ed at a single institution to treat petroclival meningiorna and evaluated changes in met tod utilization overtime.

METHODS: Cran iotomies performed to treat petrocl ival rien i ngioma between September of 1994 and July of 2005 were examined retrospecti, rely. We reviewed 46 patients (mean follow-up, 3.6 yr).

Recent affinity-based m(6)A profiling in mouse and human

cells further showed that this modification is a widespread mark in coding and noncoding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts and is likely dynamically regulated throughout developmental processes. Therefore, reversible RNA methylation, analogous to reversible DNA and histone modifications, may affect gene expression and cell fate decisions by modulating multiple RNA-related cellular pathways, which selleck potentially provides rapid responses to various cellular and environmental signals, including energy and nutrient availability in mammals.”
“Unlike adult rats, young rats exhibit context-dependent and context-independent behavioral sensitization when assessed after a single pretreatment injection of cocaine.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether: (1) the context-dependent and context-independent sensitization of young rats can be dissociated based

on the persistence of the sensitized response and (2) the expression of behavioral sensitization is associated with region-specific increases in Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR).

On postnatal day (PD) 19, rats were injected with either saline or cocaine (30 mg/kg) in a novel test chamber or the home cage. After 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, or 61 abstinence days, rats were challenged with 20 mg/kg cocaine and locomotor activity was measured for 60 min. In a separate experiment, rats pretreated on PD 19 were challenged with cocaine (10-30 mg/kg) on PD 80.

The sensitized responding of young rats persisted for the same length of time AZD1480 ic50 (5 days) science regardless of whether cocaine pretreatment occurred in a novel environment or the home cage. Behavioral sensitization did not reemerge in adulthood. When assessed

after three abstinence days (i.e., on PD 22), acute treatment with cocaine increased Fos-IR in various brain regions, but sensitized responding was associated with elevated Fos expression in only the caudate-putamen (CP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC).

Persistence of the sensitized response cannot be used to dissociate the one-trial context-dependent and context-independent sensitization of young rats. Fos data indicate that the CP and PFC may be involved in the mediation of short-term behavioral sensitization on PD 22.”
“Objectives: There are few long-term follow-up studies about the result of revascularization surgery for the treatment of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES). We performed this retrospective study to analyze the long-term result of revascularization surgery in patients with advanced PAES during the last 16 years.

Methods: Twenty-two limbs in 18 consecutive patients with PAES were treated surgically at Seoul National University Hospital between January 1994 and December 2009. The preoperative diagnosis of PAES was made by duplex ultrasonography, three-dimensional computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or conventional angiography.