0056). Additionally, female carriers of the CCKAR haplotype C-T-C-T (rs2071011-rs915889-rs3822222-rs1800855) had a reduced risk of gallbladder cancer (odds ratio = 0.61, CT99021 cell line 95% confidence interval: 0.43–0.86) compared with those with the G-C-C-A haplotype; the association also remained significant after Bonferroni correction. These findings suggest that variants in the CCKAR gene may influence the risk of gallbladder cancer in women. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings. “
“Background and Aim:  To investigate

the therapeutic effect of ligustrazine on hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) induced by Gynura segetum and the possible mechanism of it. Methods:  Female Kunming mice (115) were randomly divided into four groups, gavaged with 30 g/kg per day Gynura segetum (group A), 30 g/kg per day Gynura

segetum + 100 mg/kg per day ligustrazine (group B), 30 g/kg per day Gynura segetum + 200 mg/kg per day ligustrazine (group C) or 30 mL/kg per day phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group D). Thirty days later, all of the mice were killed. Blood samples and livers were harvested. Histological changes were evaluated by light microscopy. Liver function Rucaparib chemical structure was measured, and the expression of tissue factor (TF), early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) and nuclear factor-KBp65 (NF-KBp65) were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results:  A total of 24 mice in group A developed HVOD. Compared with the controls, they had increased liver ratio, serum total bilirubin (TBIL), find more direct

bilirubin (DBIL), transaminase and decreased albumin (ALB) (P < 0.05). Administration of ligustrazine improved the clinical signs and biochemistry parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with group A, the expression of TF, Egr-1 and NF-KB p65 decreased in groups B and C (P < 0.05). Conclusion:  Ligustrazine has a therapeutic effect on HVOD, improving clinical manifestations and liver function. The possible mechanism may be that ligustrazine could reduce the expression of TF by downregulating the expression of transcription factors: Egr-1 and NF-KB p65. "
“Background & Aims: Antiviral therapy may eradicate hepatitis C viral replication, but its long-term impact on the reduction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. This large clinical cohort study aimed to evaluate the predictors of sustained virological response (SVR) and assess the efficacy to reduce HCC post-treatment in Taiwanese chronic hepatitis C patients. Methods: This multicenter study enrolled 1778 anti-HCV-positive patients who were treated with peg-interferon plus ribavirin (PR) for 6-12 months. All of the patients were ≧30 years old and seronegative for HBsAg. The treated patients were followed from the date starting PR therapy to the date of HCC diagnosis, death, or the end of 2011, whichever came first.

Aims: To study these parameters in patients with LC in Tajikistan. Methods: There were diagnosed 1374 patients with LC. Survival was assessed according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The mortality risk of cirrhosis complications was analyzed by a time-dependent Cox regression model. Results: The main etiological factors of development of LC were: HBV (49%), HCV (36%) and alcohol (4%). The incidence of viral LC was 23.2, of alcohol-induced LC (ALC) – 1.4 and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) – 0.3 per 100 000 of adult populations. Lifetime and 3-year survival rate of patients depend on a phase of

cirrhotic process compensation. The highest 3-years survival rate of patients from the producing PF2341066 moment of this diagnosis was 79% at Child–Pugh grade A vs. 28% at grade C. The cause of death of 89% of patients has been directly related to

complications of cirrhosis. The main reasons of patients death were: hepatic encephalopathy (46.7%), bleeding serve (18.3%), hepatorenal syndrome (12.5%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (9.2%) and portal vein thrombosis Quizartinib research buy (2.5%). The prognosis of survival is most unfavorable at hepatic encephalopathy in comparison with other complications of the LC. Presence more than one complication increases probability of death of patients more than 2.5 times. The higher relative risk of death has patients with grade B and C with comparison to grade A. Conclusion: The main etiological factors of LC are HBV and HCV in Tajikistan. The incidence of viral LC does not differ from that in other countries. ALC

and PBC are over 10 and 5 times less frequent that in Russia. Key Word(s): 1. liver cirrhosis; 2. etiological factor; 3. prevalence; 4. survival rate; Presenting Author: DONGYE YANG Additional Authors: TAOFIC MOUNAJJED, SAMARH IBRAHIM, DEBORAHK FREESE, LIZHI ZHANG Corresponding Author: LIZHI ZHANG Affiliations: Central South University; Mayo Clinic Objective: Autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) is a poorly understood autoimmune liver disease in selleck chemical childhood which is referred as an overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) associated with bile duct disease typical of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Recently, IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (ISC) is recognized in adult population as biliary manifestation of a steroid-responsive multisystem fibroinflammatory disorder in which affected organs are infiltrated with IgG4+ plasma cells. In this study, we sought to evaluate clinicopathological features of ASC and its correlation with IgG4+ plasma cells infiltration.

7 However, whether the findings of improved survival with selective techniques really correspond to an improved necrotizing capability, reduced liver toxicity, or both has never been elucidated on the basis of histological findings in a sufficiently large Western population. The results of studies published in the Asiatic literature suggest that segmental or subsegmental

TACE has been more effective and has resulted in higher rates of tumor necrosis (64%-83%) than proximal/whole liver TACE (approximately 38%) in historical series.8-11 Even though the efficacy of TACE can be reliably assessed only by the measurement of tumor necrosis during a histological examination of the whole tumor, only three of these series8, 10, 11 included surgically removed nodules, and the histological quantification of necrosis EPZ-6438 involved small sample sizes (11, 12,

and 7 lesions, respectively). However, in the Western literature, the advantages of selective embolization have not been well reported because nonselective TACE has been performed even in recent studies.12 Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to analyze whether a difference exists between selective/superselective and lobar TACE in determining tumor necrosis by a pathological Akt cancer analysis of the whole lesion at the time of transplantation. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between see more the tumor size and the capacity of TACE to induce necrosis. CEUS, contrast-enhanced

ultrasonography; CT, computed tomography; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LT, liver transplantation; MC, Milan criteria; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PEI, percutaneous ethanol injection; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization. Data were extracted from a prospectively collected database for 118 consecutive patients who had a pretransplant diagnosis of HCC resulting from cirrhosis, underwent LT between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2009 at the Liver and Multiorgan Transplant Unit of Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, and were treated with bridging or downstaging procedures. The final study population consisted of 67 patients treated only with TACE (performed exclusively at our tertiary care institution), as outlined in Fig. 1 and Table 1, with 53 patients meeting the Milan criteria (MC) and 14 meeting our downstaging protocol.3, 13 Before undergoing TACE, all patients were assessed (1) to define the degree of liver function by laboratory examinations and (2) to detect and characterize all liver nodules by imaging techniques. The Child-Pugh score and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (the latter according to the formula proposed by Freeman et al.14) were calculated. The patients were staged according to the United Network for Organ Sharing guidelines15 and the integrated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system.

7 However, whether the findings of improved survival with selective techniques really correspond to an improved necrotizing capability, reduced liver toxicity, or both has never been elucidated on the basis of histological findings in a sufficiently large Western population. The results of studies published in the Asiatic literature suggest that segmental or subsegmental

TACE has been more effective and has resulted in higher rates of tumor necrosis (64%-83%) than proximal/whole liver TACE (approximately 38%) in historical series.8-11 Even though the efficacy of TACE can be reliably assessed only by the measurement of tumor necrosis during a histological examination of the whole tumor, only three of these series8, 10, 11 included surgically removed nodules, and the histological quantification of necrosis www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html involved small sample sizes (11, 12,

and 7 lesions, respectively). However, in the Western literature, the advantages of selective embolization have not been well reported because nonselective TACE has been performed even in recent studies.12 Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to analyze whether a difference exists between selective/superselective and lobar TACE in determining tumor necrosis by a pathological Vemurafenib purchase analysis of the whole lesion at the time of transplantation. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between click here the tumor size and the capacity of TACE to induce necrosis. CEUS, contrast-enhanced

ultrasonography; CT, computed tomography; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LT, liver transplantation; MC, Milan criteria; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PEI, percutaneous ethanol injection; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization. Data were extracted from a prospectively collected database for 118 consecutive patients who had a pretransplant diagnosis of HCC resulting from cirrhosis, underwent LT between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2009 at the Liver and Multiorgan Transplant Unit of Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, and were treated with bridging or downstaging procedures. The final study population consisted of 67 patients treated only with TACE (performed exclusively at our tertiary care institution), as outlined in Fig. 1 and Table 1, with 53 patients meeting the Milan criteria (MC) and 14 meeting our downstaging protocol.3, 13 Before undergoing TACE, all patients were assessed (1) to define the degree of liver function by laboratory examinations and (2) to detect and characterize all liver nodules by imaging techniques. The Child-Pugh score and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (the latter according to the formula proposed by Freeman et al.14) were calculated. The patients were staged according to the United Network for Organ Sharing guidelines15 and the integrated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system.

25, 26, 37 In this study, the significant decrease in AFP expression in both HA hydrogel conditions studied can be interpreted either that the cells remained as hHpSCs, or that they matured to later lineage stages at which AFP is not expressed. The maintenance of NCAM, a marker of

stem cells, but not mature cells, implicates that the former interpretation is correct. This suggests that the matrix chemistry has an influence in maintaining the hHSC phenotype, as cultures supplemented with collagen III and laminin also underwent decreased AFP expression. The rigidity of the HA hydrogels can be adjusted easily and has been shown to be a critical variable in defining 5-Fluoracil manufacturer the phenotype of the cells.24, 38, 39 For these studies, the formulation of the HA gels used was that shown to be optimal for the stem cell phenotype26 and in which the hydrogel rigidity was at 25 Pa, well below the rigidity

level of 200 Pa needed to induce differentiation via mechanical forces. The interaction of cells within the HA hydrogels was accompanied by gradual breakdown of the gels and with some material loss in the media changes. This biodegradation is extremely beneficial for cells being transplanted, in that the initial microenvironment is replaced with matrix components and soluble factors from the host tissue. This allows the graft to transition to conditions for integration into the host tissue and then differentiation, responses needed to promote regeneration. selleck inhibitor Erlotinib Matrix components have long been known to be primary determinants of attachment, survival, differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and stabilization of requisite cell surface receptors that prime the cells for responses to specific signals. Grafting of cells using injectable biomaterials has been successful for therapies other than liver cell therapies as discussed here. Studies involving in situ engineered tissue, including studies of injectable Matrigel with

embryonic stem cells40 or of skeletal myoblasts in fibrin41 have shown restoration of cardiac function and geometry after cardiac injury. Injectable materials solidify in vivo and retain the geometry of the injured tissue. The matrix chemistry changes with maturational stages, host age, and disease states.13 Therefore, graft biomaterials should mimic the matrix chemistry of the particular lineage stages desired for the graft and be biocompatible for humans. Many of the biomaterials, such as Matrigel, can only be used for experimental but not clinical studies. Others, such as alginate gels, are used for walling off cells in order to protect them from immune reactions.

25, 26, 37 In this study, the significant decrease in AFP expression in both HA hydrogel conditions studied can be interpreted either that the cells remained as hHpSCs, or that they matured to later lineage stages at which AFP is not expressed. The maintenance of NCAM, a marker of

stem cells, but not mature cells, implicates that the former interpretation is correct. This suggests that the matrix chemistry has an influence in maintaining the hHSC phenotype, as cultures supplemented with collagen III and laminin also underwent decreased AFP expression. The rigidity of the HA hydrogels can be adjusted easily and has been shown to be a critical variable in defining buy Y-27632 the phenotype of the cells.24, 38, 39 For these studies, the formulation of the HA gels used was that shown to be optimal for the stem cell phenotype26 and in which the hydrogel rigidity was at 25 Pa, well below the rigidity

level of 200 Pa needed to induce differentiation via mechanical forces. The interaction of cells within the HA hydrogels was accompanied by gradual breakdown of the gels and with some material loss in the media changes. This biodegradation is extremely beneficial for cells being transplanted, in that the initial microenvironment is replaced with matrix components and soluble factors from the host tissue. This allows the graft to transition to conditions for integration into the host tissue and then differentiation, responses needed to promote regeneration. find more Erlotinib Matrix components have long been known to be primary determinants of attachment, survival, differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and stabilization of requisite cell surface receptors that prime the cells for responses to specific signals. Grafting of cells using injectable biomaterials has been successful for therapies other than liver cell therapies as discussed here. Studies involving in situ engineered tissue, including studies of injectable Matrigel with

embryonic stem cells40 or of skeletal myoblasts in fibrin41 have shown restoration of cardiac function and geometry after cardiac injury. Injectable materials solidify in vivo and retain the geometry of the injured tissue. The matrix chemistry changes with maturational stages, host age, and disease states.13 Therefore, graft biomaterials should mimic the matrix chemistry of the particular lineage stages desired for the graft and be biocompatible for humans. Many of the biomaterials, such as Matrigel, can only be used for experimental but not clinical studies. Others, such as alginate gels, are used for walling off cells in order to protect them from immune reactions.

Methods: Study design: Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Medilink clinics, Karachi, Pakistan. Sample size and collection: 50 patients were included, indications and results of fibroscan patients were evaluated. Results: In our study of 50 patients, there were 39 (78%) males. Age ranged from 28–72 years. Mean age was 45.5 years. Indications include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 26 (52%) patients, chronic hepatitis 18 (36%) patients and 4 (8%) patients had history of chronic alcohol abuse, 1 patients was referred for assessment of liver fibrosis before chemotherapy and 1

patient had both chronic hepatitis and NAFLD. In 50 patients of fibroscan, 21 (42%) patients had significant fibrosis F3–F4. 09 patients had F-2 stage of fibrosis. 20 patients had F0 (no fibrosis) -F1 fibrosis. NAFLD was the most common indication and the results Selumetinib supplier from the 26 patients under that group were as follows, body mass index ranged from 26.6–33 ,12 (46.1%) patients had significant F3-F4 fibrosis, 5 (19.2%) patients had F-2 stage of fibrosis and 09 (34.6%) patients had F0-F1 stage

of fibrosis. Conclusion: Fibroscan now recognized as an acceptable alternative to liver biopsy, should be utilized more effectively in our population. In our study 21 out of 50 (42%) patients were found to have significant fibrosis which is helpful in MK-8669 planning further management of these patients. Key Word(s): 1. transient elastography; 2. liver fibrosis; 3. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; 4. chronic viral hepatitis; Presenting Author: HENDRA KONCORO Additional Authors: KETUT MARIADI, GDE SOMAYANA, GUSTI AGUNG SURYADARMA, NYOMAN PURWADI, DEWA NYOMAN WIBAWA Corresponding Author: HENDRA KONCORO Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterohepatology, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar Objective: Findings of liver selleck screening library cirrhosis are usually accompanied with screening

endoscopy for large esophageal varices (EV) that may benefit from prophylactic measures. The aim of this study was to identify whether Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, AST to platelet ratio index (APRI), FiB4 index, and laboratory tests could predict the presence of large EV among patients with liver cirrhosis in Sanglah Hospital Denpasar. Methods: A total of 90 hospitalized liver cirrhosis patients from September 2012 until March 2014 were restrospectively analyzed. Variables used in the analysis included age, sex, etiology of cirrhosis, CTP classification, MELD score, APRI, FiB4 index, platelet count, serum creatinine, and liver function tests. The presence of large EV was correlated with those characteristics.

Among a collection of 1,049 miRNA loci (miRBase-Release 1631), we identified one or more E-boxes in the promoters, first exons, or first introns in 834 cases (Supporting Fig. 4A and Supporting Table 3). We then determined whether these E-boxes are located in CpG islands, because Myc-binding E-boxes are usually located within such contexts. As shown in Supporting Fig. 4A and Supporting Table 3, 94 of the 834 loci resided within CpG islands. Further analyses showed 21 of these loci

to be conserved between humans and mice (Supporting Fig. 4A and Supporting Table 3). Interestingly, miRNAs from 10 of these loci have been reported to be regulated by Myc and to mediate a variety of Myc functions32, 33(Table 1 and Supporting Fig. 4B,C). Therefore, miRNAs from the other 11 loci may also be regulated by Myc GS-1101 solubility dmso and have important roles in mediating Myc http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Erlotinib-Hydrochloride.html function. To address whether Myc regulates expression of miRNAs

from the remaining 11 loci, we tested the effects of Myc inhibition or Myc induction on the expression of these miRNAs. As shown in Fig. 1A and Supporting Table 2, induction of MycER activation in HL7702 cells resulted in the down-regulation of several of the miRNAs, including miR-148a-5p and miR-363-3p, whereas inhibition of Myc in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells resulted in up-regulation of other miRNAs, including miR-148a-5p and miR-363-3p. Taken together, Myc differentially regulates these miRNAs in a cell context–dependent manner. Stem-loop quantitative RT-PCR results in all three cell lines indicated miR-363-3p to be the most significantly regulated miRNA in response to Myc activation or inhibition (Supporting Table 2). In addition, prediction of miRNA targets showed the 3′-UTR of Myc to contain one highly conserved miR-148a-5p-binding site this website from human to dog. Based on these findings, we selected miR-363-3p and miR-148a-5p for additional analyses. To address whether Myc directly binds the promoter regions of miR-148a and miR-363,

we conducted a chromatin IP assay in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells. This revealed that Myc binds both miR-148a and miR-363 promoter regions containing the highly conserved E-box regions in CpG islands (Fig. 1B-D and Supporting Fig. 5). These results provided strong evidence that both miRNAs are directly regulated by Myc. In addition, our unpublished data show that inhibition of both miRNAs by Myc is accompanied by a prominent decrease in active histone marks around the transcription start sites of both miRNAs. To examine the consequences of relieving the suppression of miR-148a-5p and miR-363-3p in hepatocarcinoma, we tested whether ectopic expression of these miRNAs affected the biology of liver cells. As shown in Fig. 2A-C and Supporting Fig.

acuminata cultures reached up to 672.7 ± 14.7 (mean ± SD), 88.1 ± 2.8, and 539.3 ± 39.7 ng · mL−1, respectively, and the excreted extracellular amounts were equivalent to 5.1, 79.5, and 79.5% of the total amounts, respectively. Similarly, at the end of incubations, the total amounts of PTX-2, DTX-1, and OA in the D. fortii cultures reached up to 526.6 ± 52.6 (mean ±SD), 4.4 ± 0.4, and 135.9 ± 3.9 ng · mL−1, respectively, and the excreted extracellular amounts were equivalent to 1.8, 80.1, and 86.6% of the total amounts, respectively. Further, we tested the availability of cell debris and

dissolved organic substances that originated from the ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra for growth and toxin production MI-503 in D. acuminata. Although no significant growth was observed in D. acuminata in the medium containing the cell debris and organic substances originated from M. rubra, the toxicity was significantly greater than that in the control (P < 0.05–0.001); this finding suggested the availability of organic substances for toxin production. However, toxin productivity was remarkably lower than that of Dinophysis species feeding on living M. rubra. "
“Carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3−, has a critical role in

inorganic carbon acquisition in many kingdoms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the CA gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (denoted as PyCA) was cloned by using an expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The nucleotide sequence of PyCA consists of 1,153 bp, buy Dorsomorphin including a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of 177 bp, a 3′ UTR of 151 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 825 bp that can be translated into a 274-amino-acid putative peptide with a molecular mass (M) of 29.8 kDa and putative isoelectric click here point (pI) of 8.51. The predicted polypeptide has significant homology to the β-CA from bacteria and unicellular algae, such as Porphyridium purpureum. The mRNA in filamentous thalli, leafy thalli, and conchospores was examined, respectively, by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR

(qPCR), and the levels of PyCA are different at different stages of the life cycle. The lowest level of mRNA was observed in leafy thalli, and the level in filamentous thalli and in the conchospores was 4-fold higher and 10-fold higher, respectively. “
“Eight obligately halophilic, euryhaline cyanobacteria from intertidal soil were isolated in artificial seawater nutrients III (ASN-III) medium. Antimicrobial activity, 16S rRNA gene sequences, phenotypic characters as well as growth and antibiosis in response to variable salinity, temperature, phosphate concentration, and pH were studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multiple drug-resistant clinical isolates ranged between 0.25 and 0.5 mg · mL−1.

acuminata cultures reached up to 672.7 ± 14.7 (mean ± SD), 88.1 ± 2.8, and 539.3 ± 39.7 ng · mL−1, respectively, and the excreted extracellular amounts were equivalent to 5.1, 79.5, and 79.5% of the total amounts, respectively. Similarly, at the end of incubations, the total amounts of PTX-2, DTX-1, and OA in the D. fortii cultures reached up to 526.6 ± 52.6 (mean ±SD), 4.4 ± 0.4, and 135.9 ± 3.9 ng · mL−1, respectively, and the excreted extracellular amounts were equivalent to 1.8, 80.1, and 86.6% of the total amounts, respectively. Further, we tested the availability of cell debris and

dissolved organic substances that originated from the ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra for growth and toxin production Stem Cells antagonist in D. acuminata. Although no significant growth was observed in D. acuminata in the medium containing the cell debris and organic substances originated from M. rubra, the toxicity was significantly greater than that in the control (P < 0.05–0.001); this finding suggested the availability of organic substances for toxin production. However, toxin productivity was remarkably lower than that of Dinophysis species feeding on living M. rubra. "
“Carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3−, has a critical role in

inorganic carbon acquisition in many kingdoms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the CA gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (denoted as PyCA) was cloned by using an expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The nucleotide sequence of PyCA consists of 1,153 bp, this website including a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of 177 bp, a 3′ UTR of 151 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 825 bp that can be translated into a 274-amino-acid putative peptide with a molecular mass (M) of 29.8 kDa and putative isoelectric selleck chemicals llc point (pI) of 8.51. The predicted polypeptide has significant homology to the β-CA from bacteria and unicellular algae, such as Porphyridium purpureum. The mRNA in filamentous thalli, leafy thalli, and conchospores was examined, respectively, by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR

(qPCR), and the levels of PyCA are different at different stages of the life cycle. The lowest level of mRNA was observed in leafy thalli, and the level in filamentous thalli and in the conchospores was 4-fold higher and 10-fold higher, respectively. “
“Eight obligately halophilic, euryhaline cyanobacteria from intertidal soil were isolated in artificial seawater nutrients III (ASN-III) medium. Antimicrobial activity, 16S rRNA gene sequences, phenotypic characters as well as growth and antibiosis in response to variable salinity, temperature, phosphate concentration, and pH were studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multiple drug-resistant clinical isolates ranged between 0.25 and 0.5 mg · mL−1.