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“To evaluate whether botulinum toxin type A at standard doses spreads to antagonist leg muscles in dynamic equinus foot, we studied 18 ambulatory children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The gastrocnemius muscle on the

affected side was injected with botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) (mean +/- standard deviation, 14.3 +/- 0.9 U/kg). Compound muscle action potential areas were assessed in the lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles on the treated and untreated sides before botulinum toxin type A injections and on days 10 and 30 after injections. In all patients, compound muscle action potential areas recorded from both the muscles on the treated side decreased from preinjection values at day 10 (P < .05) and 30 (P < .002). After injection, ankle spasticity had Pevonedistat mw diminished (P < .05), equinus foot excursion increased (P < .05), and functional gait improved (P < .05). This study shows that botulinum toxin type A spreads from foot flexors to antagonist extensors and suggests that spread may be partly responsible for improving gait in children with cerebral palsy.”
“The bovine serum albumin (BSA)-polystyrene (PS) interface layer is laser photo activated at 157 nm for site selective multiple

target-protein immobilization. The 5-15 nm photon induced interface layer has different chemical, wetting, and stiffness properties than the PS photon processed surface. The irradiated areas exhibit GSK1210151A molecular weight target-protein binding, followed by localized probe-target protein detection. The photon induced chemical modification of the BSA-PS interface layer is identified by: (1) Morphological, imaging, and analysis of surface parameters with atomic force microscopy, (2) spectroscopic shift (4 cm(-1)), of the amide I group and formation of new C=N, NH(2), C-O, C=O, and O-C=O groups following irradiation, identified with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and (3) the different hydrophilic/hydrophobic

and force-distance response of the bare PS and BSA-PS surfaces. Near field edge diffraction (Fresnel) fluorescence mTOR inhibitor imaging specifies the threshold photon energy and the fluence required to optically detect the protein binding on the photon induced BSA-PS interface layer. By approximating the Fresnel integrals with analytical functions, the threshold photon energy and the fluence are expressed as the sum of zero, first, and second order harmonic terms of two characteristic diffracted modes and they are specified to be 8.73 x 10(-9) J and 623 Jm(-2), respectively. Furthermore, a bioarray of three probe-target proteins is fabricated with 1.5 mu m spatial resolution using a 157 nm laser microstepper. The methodology eliminates the use of intermediate polymer layers between the blocking BSA protein and the PS substrate in bioarray fabrication. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.