In solids pneumatic conveying systems and oil pipelines, the cross-sectional components�� holdup distributions are usually obtained selleck chemicals from ECT to monitor the flow conditions inside transport vessels [51,52]. In fluidized bed reactors, the gas/solid, gas/liquid/solid holdup, and bubble size distributions Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries are obtained by ECT for basic multi-phase flow science, reactor design, and operation control [16,34,35,38�C40,53�C58]. Correlations between ECT concentration images from different locations are Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries used to provide the flux of components in the pipeline.The main limitation of ECT technology is in the inadequate spatial resolution it can provide. The measurement resolution is dependent on ECT sensor designs and image reconstruction. The resolution of ECT images can be improved by increasing the number of sensors.

However, the highly nonlinear reconstruction problem Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries is still considered the main obstacle to increasing resolution. This problem is even more evident in the ECVT volume technology as the nonlinearity of the problem is increased substantially. ECVT emerged about five years ago from the labs of The Ohio State University. Researchers from the Technical University of Lodz and the University of Manchester recently developed a 3D electrical capacitance tomography for 3D visualization [59,60]. The resolution is expected to improve as research in ECVT gains increased attention [36,37,41,42,61,62]. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Despite this resolution limitation, ECVT leads other imaging technologies in terms of real-time 3D feature, applicability to complex geometries, reduced cost, and low profile sensors.

In this review, ECVT will be presented in the context of three-dimensional sensors with different sensor configurations, sizes, and geometries. Several case studies are Cilengitide illustrated to demonstrate the potential usefulness of applying ECVT for imaging multi-phase flow systems. All the capacitance measurements reported in this study were obtained using the PTL charge/discharge 12 channel acquisition hardware with the exception of the images given in Figures 10 and 11-b where the EdWar technology AC-based hardware was used.Figure 10.8-channel on-line ECVT system: (a) photo of the 8-channel sensor; (b) on-line water surface measurement using the sensor.Figure 11.ECVT sensors with multiple channels: (a) 12-channel sensor; (b) 32-channel sensor.2.?Principle of ECVTECVT technology is based on utilizing nonlinear distributions of electric field lines to reconstruct a volume image of different materials in the imaging domain [42]. The low profile and flexibility of capacitance sensors, Breast cancer increased number of imaging frames per second, and relatively low cost of the ECVT system are characteristics that have moved the technology to the top of the list of industrial imaging tools.