After the irradiation of pulsed electron beam, some microprotrusions toward the cathode appeared on the anode surface, with a quasiperiodic structure. The appearance of ion flow, as the anode plasma forms, increases the beam current and enhances the beam current density. The anode plasma is generated relatively easily as the shot test proceeds, due to the aging of anode grid, which allows the possibility of the decrease in the microwave power. As the pulse shot proceeds, the changes in the rise rate of beam current are closely related to the aging process of anode surface. Therefore, the further enhancement of vircator efficiency

needs to lengthen the lifetime of anode, besides the optimization of explosive emission cathodes. (C) 2011 American Institute Autophagy inhibitor of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3560774]“
“Pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 in tumor cells induces anticancer effects through the destabilization of several oncogenic signaling molecules. Although there were reports that Hsp90 inhibition compromises cellular integrity, how this affects the cell adhesion through extracellular www.selleckchem.com/products/pifithrin-alpha.html matrix (ECM) and integrin signaling is not known. Using human neuroblastoma (IMR-32), cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells, and mouse embryonal carcinoma (PCC-4) cells, and

using different substratum, glass, plastic, fibronectin, and matrigel, we demonstrate 17AAG induced alterations in integrin cross-linking with the actin cytoskeleton. The 17AAG treatment of cells resulted in decreased mRNA levels and confined surface expression of three major beta1 family of integrins namely alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 5 in IMR-32, HeLa and PCC-4 cells, but showed induced mRNA levels and surface expression in MCF-7 cells. Loss of surface expression of integrins correlated with inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and mitogen regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activities, selleck chemical in contrast, induced integrin expression in MCF-7 correlated with

activation of these kinases. Prolonged treatment but not the pretreatment (2 h) with 17AAG resulted in destabilized actin cytoskeleton, delayed wound repair, and limited colony forming ability of tumor cells on soft agar. Conclusively, we show that Hsp90 inhibition targets cell adhesion, which may relate to the inhibition of integrin signaling and inhibition of integrin-cytoskeleton crosslinking.”
“A composition gradient sputtering method was employed to deposit a series of (FexCo1-x)(1-y)Hf-y alloy films with different Fe/Co atomic ratios and Hf-doping. At Fe/Co = 70/30, the magnetically annealed (Fe0.7Co0.3)(1-y)Hf-y films with y = 0.087-0.124 showed a very high uniaxial anisotropy and an ultrahigh ferromagnetic resonance frequency over 7 GHz after the films were annealed at 350 degrees C, while at Fe/Co = 50/50, the as-deposited (Fe0.5Co0.5)(1-y)Hf-y films with y = 0.074-0.