A hierarchical carrier emission model has been proposed for the stretched exponential behavior. Simulations indicate that the two broadening theories exhibit roughly similar broadening effects and good fits to the experimental data. The origin of this similarity indicates an ergodic equivalence of random energy distribution and

the constrained hierarchical emission process.”
“The nesting biology and the social structure of Euglossa fimbriata were studied based on two original nests found on the campus of the University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Nest 1 contained two inseminated females, 39 sealed cells, one Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor cell being provisioned, and six old and empty cells. Nest 2 contained three inseminated females, 45 sealed cells, one cell being provisioned, and 27 old and empty cells. The cells of nest 1 were distributed into three clusters from which three new nests were set up in the laboratory and maintained in observation boxes from August 1993 to March 1994 in order to study the behaviors performed by the bees. The males left the nest immediately after emergence and did not return. Some females left the nest within a few days of eclosing, and others stayed in their original nests and began to reactivate them. The E. fimbriata colonies

were small, MDV3100 with semi-social and eusocial organization. In these colonies one female becomes the dominant female, usually the oldest female, and the others behave as subordinate

females. The subordinate females build their cells, provision and oviposit in them, while the dominant female becomes the major guard bee, and oviposits in cells oviposited in by subordinate females. Oviposition by the dominant female is always preceded by oophagy. Irrespective of the behavior displayed, all the females that we dissected had been inseminated. The behavior displayed by the dominant female is characteristic of brood Hedgehog inhibitor parasitism and fits the parental parasitism hypothesis developed as an alternative pathway by which insect sociality could have arisen.”
“Background and Objective: We aimed to explore to what extent an unselected population of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) outpatients would be eligible for inclusion in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical records of outpatient subjects with an ascertained diagnosis of COPD. COPD outpatients were assessed against the following inclusion criteria: 40 < age < 80 years, current or former smokers, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) <70% predicted, no long-term oxygen therapy, no other concomitant lung diseases and absence of major extrapulmonary comorbidities. The study consisted of 2 phases; in phase 1, the criteria for inclusion in RCTs on COPD were selected, and in phase 2, the above criteria were applied to an unselected outpatient COPD population.