The number of strains identified for each faecal sample is shown in Table AMN-107 price 2 and Figures 4, 5 and 6A-B. The percentage of strains identified as lactobacilli significantly (P = 0.011) differed between T-CD (ca. 26.5%) and HC (ca. 34.6%) groups. Figure 4 Dendrogram of combined RAPD patterns for Enterococcus using primer P7, P4 and M13. Isolates were from faecal samples of treated celiac disease (T-CD). Cluster analysis was based on the simple matching coefficient and unweighted pair grouped method, arithmetic average. Enterococcus and Lactobacillus

isolates (I) are coded based on partial 16S rRNA, recA and pheS gene sequence comparisons and correspond to those of Table 2. selleck chemical Figure 5 Dendrogram of combined RAPD patterns for Enterococcus using primer P7, P4 and M13. Isolates were from faecal samples of non-celiac children (HC). Cluster analysis was based on the simple matching coefficient and unweighted pair grouped method, arithmetic average. Enterococcus and Lactobacillus isolates (I) are coded based on partial 16S rRNA, recA and pheS gene sequence comparisons and correspond to those of Table 2. Figure 6 Dendrogram of combined RAPD patterns for Lactobacillus using primer P7, P4 and M13. Isolates were from faecal samples of treated

celiac disease (T-CD) (A) and non-celiac children (HC) (B). Cluster analysis was based on the simple matching coefficient and unweighted pair grouped

method, arithmetic average. Enterococcus and Lactobacillus isolates (I) are coded based on partial 16S rRNA, recA and pheS gene sequence comparisons and correspond to those of Table 2. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) VOC (107 compounds) were identified from faecal and urine samples (Table 3 and Additional file 1, Table S1). VOC were grouped https://www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html according to chemical classes: esters (14 compounds identified); Teicoplanin sulfur compounds (3), ketones (21), hydrocarbons (15), aldehydes (16), alcohols (15), alkane (4), alkene (1), aromatic organic compounds (6), hetpane (1) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (11). During sampling, the level of VOC of each child did not differ (P > 0.05). On the contrary, high variability was found among children. Statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found between T-CD and HC children. As expected, faecal samples had higher level of VOC compared to urines. The median value of esters was higher than in HC children. Nevertheless, the levels of ethyl-acetate, octyl-acetate, propyl-butyrate, propyl-propanoate and butyl 2-methylbitanoate were higher than in faecal samples of T-CD. Among sulfur compounds, carbon disulfide was at higher level than in faecal samples of HC. Dimethyl trisulfide and dimethyl disulfide were at higher level than in the urine samples of HC. With a few exceptions, hydrocarbons were found at higher levels than in urine and, especially, faecal samples of HC.