The mice were used at the age of 8–10 weeks. The mice had free access to water and to standard mouse chow (Altromin®, Lage, Germany)

and were kept in a room with 12-h day/night cycle. All animal experiments were approved by the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Maraviroc.html Danish Animal Inspectorate. CHS experiments were performed largely as described previously [17]. In brief, the mice were sensitized on day 0 by applying 20 μl 0·5% DNFB (1–fluoro-2·4-dinitrobenzene; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) or 100 μl 1% oxazolone (4-ethoxy-methylene-2-phenyl-3-oxazalin-5-one; Sigma), dissolved in 4:1 acetone (VWR)/olive oil (Sigma) on the shaved abdominal skin. Five (DNFB) or six (oxazolone) days later, the baseline ear thickness on the left ear was measured, after which both sides of the left ear were challenged by epicutaneous application of 20 μl 0·2% DNFB or 20 μl 0·75% oxazolone. The challenge treatment was performed under light anaesthesia with isoflurane. The ear thickness of the left ear was measured 24, 48 and 72 h after challenge with a dial thickness gauge from Mitutoyo (Mitutoyo Pocket Thickness Gages 7309; Kawasaki,

Japan). The ear swelling (ΔT) was calculated Selleck Staurosporine as ear thickness 24, 48 or 72 h after challenge minus baseline ear thickness. It is expressed as the mean ± standard error (s.e.m.) in units of 10−2 mm. In the dose-titration studies with CTLA-4-Ig (see Fig. 1) one group was sensitized with acetone/olive oil alone but challenged with DNFB or oxazolone, which induced a non-specific irritative ear-swelling before response. Another group was treated only with acetone/olive oil in both the sensitization and challenge phases, and together these two groups served as negative controls. For resensitization experiments, mice were repainted epicutaneously with 0·5% DNFB or 1% oxazolone on the shaved abdomen 3 weeks after the first sensitization. Five or 6 days later, 20 ul

of 0·2% DNFB or 20 ul 0·75% oxazolone was applied to the left ear and ear thickness was measured 24, 48 and 72 h post-challenge. All groups always comprised five animals. CTLA-4-Ig (Orencia®, Abatacept marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Hampshire, USA) was tested in doses of 1, 5, 25 or 125 mg/kg, as indicated. As controls, mice, injected with the Fc-part of a human IgG1 (BioXcell, Penzberg, Germany), in the same doses as CTLA-4-Ig, were included in all experiments. Serum levels of CTLA-4-Ig were determined by anti-human IgG1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) 3 and 21 days after administration. To examine the activation status of T cells after sensitization, inguinal lymph node was removed 24 h post-sensitization. Single-cell suspension was prepared by transferring the lymph node through a 70-μm cell strainer and washing cells with 1 × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (w/o Mg2+ and Ca2+; Gibco/Invitrogen). Cells were resuspended at 10 × 106 cells/ml and 1 × 106 cells/sample were used for staining.