The economical loss from PD is a result of several factors including mortality of infected fish, reduced growth of survivors and reduced quality of the fillet [4]. PD learn more is also a welfare problem, since large parts of the fish that are put to sea in Norway become infected. The genome of SAV is a capped and polyadenylated single-stranded RNA molecule with two open reading frames, encoding non-structural and structural polyproteins [2]. A neutralizing epitope
has been mapped to the E2 protein, which functions in receptor-binding in other alphaviruses [5]. Phylogenetic analyses of the partial coding region of E2 have suggested four distinct clades to exist. These clades have been divided into six genetic subtypes, SAV1-6 [6]. The phenotypic consequences of these genetic differences are not known. The phylogeographic structure of SAV suggests that several independent epizootics of PD are currently occurring in European PD-0332991 chemical structure aquaculture. Most strains from Norway belong to subtype 3 and constitute a distinct epizootic compared to outbreaks in other parts of Europe where subtypes 1, 2, 4–6 have been reported
[6], [7], [8] and [9]. Although wild reservoirs and transmission patterns of SAV are largely unknown, viral RNA has been detected in the water during viraemia, and cohabitant fish are readily infected [1] and [10]. It therefore appears likely that the virus transmits by water contact Thymidine kinase once it has entered a farm. Following infection, viral RNA
can be detected in most organs of the fish, at least during viraemia. Heart tissues contain the highest levels of viral RNA [3] and [11]. Tissue lesions have been reported primarily from exocrine pancreas, the heart and skeletal muscle. Lesions in brain and kidney are also found sporadically [3]. The infection may lead to mortality and highly variable mortality rates have been reported from field outbreaks [12] and [13]. The reason for the variations in mortality rates is not yet understood, but is likely to be a combination of virulence differences among strains of SAV, co-infections with other pathogens and environmental factors. It is possible to obtain immunity against SAV and several vaccine concepts have been explored [14], [15], [16] and [17]. An inactivated whole-virus vaccine based on the Irish type-strain of SAV, F93-125 (subtype 1), has been commercially available since 2002. Although the industry has vaccinated most fish that are put to sea in the region of Norway where SAV3 is regarded to be enzootic, PD has remained as one of the major disease problems [13]. We have developed an inactivated vaccine based on a strain of SAV subtype 3 – ALV405. Here we evaluate the efficacy and safety of this vaccine, and demonstrate that it could be an attractive new tool for controlling SAV epizootics.