Results:  Patients with high-calcium dialysate (n = 82) had a higher incidence of malnutrition and inflammation (61.0% vs 44.1% and 43.9%, respectively) than those with standard- and low-calcium dialysate (n = 528 and 107). Backward stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that high-calcium ITF2357 chemical structure dialysate was negatively correlated with nutritional index, serum albumin levels, but positively associated

with the inflammatory marker of serum ferritin levels. At the end of the 2 year follow up, 45 patients had died. Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that high-calcium dialysate was a significant associated factor (relative risk 2.765; 95% confidence interval 1.429–5.352) for 2 year all-cause mortality in these patients. Conclusion:  The Antiinfection Compound Library order analytical results indicate that high-calcium dialysate is associated with malnutrition and inflammation as well as 2 year mortality in non-diabetic maintenance haemodialysis patients and the findings suggest that this population, even those with optimal mineral balance, should avoid high-calcium dialysate. “
“We studied the diagnostic accuracy of blood gas determination as a novel method for the estimation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) recirculation (RC). In 25 patients on chronic haemodialysis, with failure of a previously well functioning native AVF (mean two-needle

urea-based RC: 41 ± 10%), arterial line (AL) as well as a peripheral vein (PV) blood samples drawn by the end of a 4 h haemodialysis session, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II before and after the surgical repair of their AVF.

Compared to PV samples, patients with RC had significantly higher AL blood pCO2 and pO2 values (P < 0.001) and lower AL blood pH and K+ values (P < 0.001), findings that were reversed after the surgical restoration of adequate AVF function. On regression analysis, urea RC values were correlated positively with AL pCO2 values (r = 0.683, P < 0.001) and negatively with AL pH values (r = 0.896, P < 0.001). AL pCO2 > 40 mmHg was shown to have the best sensitivity and AL pH < 7.25 the best specificity. RC index, that is, the AL pCO2/pH ratio, was found to have superior test characteristics compared to pH and pCO2 (sensitivity 95% and specificity 88% for values >5.5) making it a powerful diagnostic as well as screening tool. We propose the regular AL blood gas measurement as a novel method of AVF function surveillance and RC diagnosis. AL blood pH < 7.25, pCO2 > 40 mmHg and RC index > 5.5, escorted by rather high pO2 and low K+ by the end of dialysis session, but probably earlier as well, signify an important RC (>20%) and warrant further investigation of AVF patency. “
“Two populations of renal cells fully possess functional contractile cell apparatus: mesangial cells and podocytes. Previous studies demonstrated that in the context of malignant hypertension overproduction of Angiotensin-II by the contracting mesangial cells aggravated hypercellularity and apoptosis of adjacent cell populations.