Recent studies have demonstrated that satellite cells are heterogeneous and that subpopulations of satellite stem cells are able to perform asymmetric divisions to generate myogenic progenitors or symmetric divisions to expand the satellite selleck cell pool. Thus, a complex balance between extrinsic cues and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms is needed to tightly control satellite cell cycle progression and cell fate determination. Defects in satellite cell regulation or in their

niche, as observed in degenerative conditions such as aging, can impair muscle regeneration. Here, we review recent discoveries of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate satellite cell behaviour in regenerating and degenerating muscles.”
“Background Information concerning cross-reactivity among metal allergens is scarce. We previously devised a murine metal allergy model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an adjuvant. LPS reduces the minimum allergy-inducing concentration (MAIC) of Autophagy inhibitor metals at both the sensitization and the elicitation steps.\n\nObjectives Here, we examined allergic cross-reactivity among some metals in this murine model, and compared the effects of ultrapure (99.99% or more) and low purity (93-99%) metal salts.\n\nMethods A mixture of a metal salt and Escherichia coli LPS was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice (0.25 mL per mouse).

Ten days later, metal salts (with or without LPS) were challenged to ear pinnas (20 mu L per ear), and ear swelling was measured.\n\nResults Among the ultrapure metals tested (Ni, Pd, Co, Cr, Cu and Au), only Ni and Pd cross-reacted. In this cross-reaction, their MAICs were at the same level. Combined challenge with Ni and Pd at sub-MAICs (but not at higher concentrations) produced an additive effect. Surprisingly, mice sensitized with low purity Ni reacted to all the tested low purity metals (Ni, Pd,

Co and Cr), and the low purity metals were shown to contain contaminant metals.\n\nConclusions In our model: (i) Ni and Pd (members of the same group in the periodic table of elements) cross-react with each other, (ii) this cross-reaction may depend on true and false antigens forming metal-protein complexes with similar spatial Selleck NU7441 geometries, (iii) Co, Cr, Cu and Au do not cross-react with each other, (iv) in low purity materials, trace contaminant metals may be sufficient to evoke allergy, and thus (v) high purity metal salts should be considered for use in clinical patch testing.”
“The association between blood rheology and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was investigated in 142 dyslipidaemic and 253 normolipidaemic subjects. Blood rheology was examined by the microchannel method and fasting serum concentrations of LDL-C, triglyceride and HDL-C were measured.