Methods Water authorities routinely sample approximately 220 sites across Brisbane as part of water quality maintenance. These sites are

a mixture of Trunk Main (TM) samples, Reservoir (R) samples, and Distribution point (D) samples. For this study an extra litre (sample) was collected from each site to allow filtration and culture for mycobacteria. Samples were collected in 1Litre sterile bottles and transported at 4°C to the QLD Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory. Samples were collected over a 3-week period in both Winter (selleck kinase inhibitor July-August 2007) and Summer (December 2007-January 2008). Each sample was halved, with 500 ml treated with 0.005% Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) for 30 minutes. Filtration was performed through 0.45 μm cellulose nitrate filters (Sartorius AG 37070 Goettingen, Germany). Filters were then rinsed with 2ml sterile distilled Epoxomicin molecular weight water (SDW) and macerated and then 0.1ml aliquots were then transferred in triplicate to Middlebrook 7H11 plates, which were sealed in gas permeable plastic bags for incubation at 32°C. For the winter samples 0.5 ml aliquots were also transferred to two Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes (MGITs), one containing PANTA (polymixin, azlocillin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, amphotericin B) and incubated using the Bactec 960 system (Becton

Dickinson, North Ryde, NSW). As buy MK-2206 a result, each sample collected in winter resulted in 10 processed cultures and each sample in summer resulted in six processed cultures. Plates were inspected weekly and a representative selection of each morphological type of Ziehl Nielsen (ZN) positive colonies from each site sample were subcultured onto 7H11 plates. Multiplex PCR [17] was performed followed by 16S-rRNA sequencing of mycobacterial isolates and compared using RIDOM and GenBank database [18, 19]. Sequence homology of ≥97% was accepted. Those identified as M. abscessus/M. chelonae underwent hsp65 and rpoB sequencing

for more definitive identification. Because of the widely varying growth rates of different NTM species, and the presence of multiple different colony types and species in samples from each site, determination of concentrations Carnitine dehydrogenase of individual NTM species in CFU/ml was not determined. The number of different species/strains from each site was determined and expressed per site (1L sample) for each season. Information regarding the different sampling sites was obtained and included mains age, pipe material, distance from nearest reservoir, and elevation above sea level. Distances between main treatment plants and sampling sites were calculated from latitude and longitude values provided for each site. Statistics: Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS v 20. Sampling site variables were analysed against individual site culture results using a one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction. Culture method variables were analysed against results of individual replicates.