Investigating alterations in mucosal immunity during SIV infection, we found that damage to the colonic epithelial barrier was associated with loss of multiple lineages of interleukin (IL)-17-producing lymphocytes, cells that microarray analysis showed expressed genes important for enterocyte homeostasis, including IL-22. IL-22-producing lymphocytes were also lost after MEK inhibitor side effects SIV infection. Potentially explaining coordinate loss of these distinct populations, we also observed

loss of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) after SIV infection, which associated with the loss of IL-17- and IL-22-producing lymphocytes. CD103+ DCs expressed genes associated with promotion of IL-17/IL-22+ cells, and coculture of CD103+ DCs and naive T cells led to increased IL17A and RORc expression in differentiating T cells. These results reveal complex interactions between mucosal immune cell subsets providing potential mechanistic insights into mechanisms of mucosal immune dysregulation

during HIV/SIV infection, and offer hints for development of novel Selleck 4SC-202 therapeutic strategies to address this aspect of AIDS virus pathogenesis.”
“Ethnopharmacological relevance: The volatile essential oil derived from the plant Melaleuca alternifolia, also called tea tree oil (TTO), is largely employed for its antimicrobial properties against several human pathogens. It is used in many topical formulations to treat cutaneous infections.\n\nAim of the study: Since very few studies have been done on the safety and toxicity of the crude Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, current investigation evaluates the possible genotoxic effects of TTO in human lymphocyte cultures.\n\nMaterial and methods: The composition of current TTO sample was determined BEZ235 clinical trial by GC/MS and NMR. The level of cytotoxicity in TTO treated cultures

was determined by decrease of mitotic index when compared to that in negative control. The genotoxic potential of TTO was assessed by the in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus and the chromosome aberrations (CA) tests.\n\nResults: Twenty-seven compounds were identified, accounting for 98.9% of the constituents. Terpinen-4-ol (42.8%), gamma-terpinene (20.4%), p-cymene (9.6%), alpha-terpinene (7.9%), 1,8-cineole (3%), alpha-terpineol (2.8%) and alpha-pinene (2.4%) were the major compounds of the oil sample. None of the tested ITO concentrations (95 mu g/ml, 182 mu g/ml and 365 mu g/ml) caused a significant increase in the observed frequencies of micronuclei when compared to those in the untreated cultures (negative control). Additionally, no significant differences regarding the frequencies of CA were observed among the tested TTO concentrations and the negative control.