Figure 6 GO graph of proteins identified by GeLC-MS/MS in the Triton X-114 fraction of M. agalactiae PG2 T . Protein identifications are classified according to function Proteomic data were analyzed in order to investigate presence of liposoluble proteins resulting from expression of horizontally-transferred genes [24]. Among 194 identified proteins, 15 (7.8%) were selleck inhibitor acquired by HGT from the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Additional file 8), while 7 (3.7%) were acquired by HGT from other bacteria (Additional selleck compound file 9), for a total of 22 proteins, making up to 11.5% of all expressed

membrane proteins being derived from putative HGT events. Discussion Gathering proteomic information on prokaryotic membranes is a challenging task, due to difficulties in cell fractionation https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-1775.html and to the intrinsic chemical properties of membrane proteins in general. Therefore, both systematic and differential proteomic information on prokaryotic membranes is generally lacking. In this work, we approached the systematic characterization of what is believed to be one of the simplest bacterial pathogen membranes, in an attempt

to move a step forward in our understanding of its composition, complexity, and function. In addition to its lower complexity, investigating membrane composition and plasticity in mycoplasmas is of particular interest since surface proteins are subjected to size and phase variation, and information on the extent and level of such variation is crucial in studies targeting identification of common immunogens, evaluation of immunological escape mechanisms, and

adaptation of the bacterium to its host. All six variable surface lipoproteins encoded in the PG2T genome [37] were detected by 2-D PAGE, although one of these (VpmaY) was not expressed in a field isolate examined by 2D DIGE. Triplicate experiments showed that the two-dimensional expression Sinomenine pattern of each field isolate is relatively stable under laboratory conditions, and that there is a reproducible differential expression of several protein spots in the field isolates compared to the type strain PG2. Interestingly, these differences are being detected in bacteria which were grown in culture media, where all protein variants should theoretically be expressed [37]. It was already demonstrated that the switching mechanism is so fast that it can be pointed out in a single colony on solid culture [14]. This might suggest that the lack of VpmaY in the isolate Nurri could result from a local genetic mutation. A large-scale study performed on a higher number of field isolates might enable the detection of constantly expressed proteins, which might be useful as targets for the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for CA. Mycoplasmas have evolved a parasitic lifestyle, and membrane transporters are consequently very important for uptake of nutrients and growth factors. The genome of M.