Differences in brain volume and cortical connectivity (Courchesne et al., 2001; Herbert et al., 2004) for example may stem from underlying abnormalities in plasticity. Indeed, many of the genes that have been linked to ASD, such as BDNF, are known to play critical roles in cortical reactivity, plasticity and connectivity (Lu, 2003; Kleim et al., 2006). In addition, disorders that clinically resemble ASD are associated with single-gene mutations affecting genes related to protein synthesis-dependent LTP and LTD (e.g. Fragile X syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis GSK2118436 supplier complex and PTEN hamartoma syndrome; Dolen & Bear, 2009). Lastly, several animal models of ASD have

revealed abnormal plasticity mechanisms (for a review see Markram et al., 2007). These findings have lead researchers (Markram et al., 2007; Oberman & Pascual-Leone, 2008) to suggest that plasticity abnormalities underlie the clinical symptoms of ASD; however, empirical studies directly linking measures of plasticity at both the system level and the molecular level to the clinical symptoms of ASD are lacking, so such claims are purely speculative Regorafenib datasheet at this point. Our results demonstrate that the duration of effect of TBS is significantly longer in humans with AS. Future studies to clarify the neural substrate of such findings are needed. It is conceivable that the enhanced duration of excitability of the targeted cells is a consequence of hyperplasticity of the local network. Alternatively,

it is plausible that the observed response is a consequence of hypoplasticity in the compensatory response of distal cells. Follow-up studies using real-time integration of TMS with electroencephalography Cell press (EEG) to record local as well as global responses to TBS may shed light on this question. The molecular mechanisms underlying

this effect are also unclear based on the current findings. Recent reports find both enhanced expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (MGluR5; Fatemi et al., 2011) and decreased expression of GABAA and GABAB receptors in ASD (Fatemi et al., 2009a,b, 2010). Both MGluR5 and GABA receptors play critical roles in modulating reactivity at the synaptic level and thus may contribute to the physiological mechanism underlying TBS-induced modulation of corticospinal excitability. Alterations in MGluR5 and GABA receptors may play an important pathophysiological role in our findings. Follow-up studies directly testing the relationship between GABA and MGluR5 receptor expression (perhaps through magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and measures of cortical reactivity in humans with ASD are needed. Independent of the underlying mechanisms though, the potential clinical utility of our findings is supported by the measure’s ability to accurately classify a separate cohort of individuals as either AS or neurotypical. Nonetheless, this also must be taken as preliminary, as other neuropsychiatric conditions were not included in this analysis.