Data were analyzed with SPSS version 12.0 software. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD. Comparisons between groups were performed using an unpaired Student t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normal mice were subjected to hepatic I/R injury, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Notch1, 2, and 3; Dll1 and 4; Jag1 and 2; and Hes1 and 5 in liver was examined 6 hours after reperfusion. Among PLX3397 research buy them, the mRNA level of Notch1, Notch2, Dll4, Jag2, and Hes5 was significantly up-regulated (Fig. 1A). Notch1 intracellular domain increased in the livers

of mice suffering I/R injury (Fig. 1B; Supporting Fig. 1), suggesting Notch signal activation during I/R injury. The human hepatocyte line HL7702 was subjected to in vitro I/R.19 TUNEL staining revealed significantly increased apoptosis

in cells suffering I/R injury (Fig. 1C,D), and the number of viable cells decreased concomitantly (Fig. 1E). Notably, when Notch signaling was blocked by GSI, I/R induced remarkably VX-809 research buy increased apoptosis and decreased cell viability (Fig. 1C-E). The culture supernatants of I/R-injured HL7702 cells in the absence of Notch signaling had stronger ability to stimulate macrophages for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production, suggesting that these hepatocytes produced more endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (Fig. 1F).24 These data suggest that blocking Notch signal in hepatocytes resulted in aggravated I/R injury. In poly(I)-poly(C)–induced RBPf/f-MxCre (RBP-J knockout [KO]) and RBPf/+-MxCre (control) mice, ≈90% of the floxed RBP-J allele was deleted in liver.16 When the RBP-J KO and control mice were subjected to hepatic I/R injury, significantly higher levels of serum ALT and AST were detected 6 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion (Fig. 2A,B). Histological examination of liver showed that in RBP-J KO mice, I/R induced more intensified tissue degeneration and focal necrosis

than in control mice (Fig. 2C). TUNEL staining detected significantly more apoptotic cells in the liver sections from RBP-J KO mice (Fig. 2C,D), and the mRNA levels of caspase-3 increased in the liver of RBP-J KO mice click here after reperfusion (Fig. 2E). Moreover, reperfusion resulted in strengthened inflammatory responses in RBP-J KO mice, as shown by increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells (Supporting Fig. 2A,B), and production of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ; chemokine ligand 3; and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Supporting Fig. 2C). Therefore, disruption of Notch signaling resulted in aggravated I/R injury in mice. It is noteworthy that in RBP-J KO mice, RBP-J deletion also occurs with high efficiency in hematopoietic cells,16 which participate in hepatic I/R injury.