5%) of the daily vial quantity taken out for the day came from unused vials from the day(s) before. A summary of the number of vials kept for multiple days across all scenarios can be found in Fig. 1. We observed that on the first day of the campaign, after the CTC training, health centre staff took out more vials than were necessary to reach the days’ target population in an attempt to prevent vaccination teams running out of vaccines, which had occurred in previous campaigns. Following supervisory visits by district staff, the health centre staff removed only the estimated quantity of vaccine needed,

plus a small buffer. Vaccination coverage in the district was high, with MAPK inhibitor 155,596 people vaccinated at the end of the campaign, equivalent to a coverage rate of 105.7%. This proportion is comparable to the results seen in the other zones of Benin: the overall coverage in the country was 104.7%. In Banikoara, the average time for a health care worker to reach their vaccination site was 36 min and 85% of the teams used motorbikes

for transport. Each team vaccinated on average 318 persons a day (range 249–433). Over the course of the campaign, 15,570 vials of MenAfriVac were used. Nine vials were discarded due to surpassing the 4 day CTC limit, five vials at day 4 and four vials on learn more the last day. No VVMs reached their endpoint. One vial was reported as broken. No indicators reached 40 °C and no vial was discarded

because of exposure to a temperature higher than Resveratrol 40 °C. A total of 21 supervisors and 77 vaccinators were surveyed, 92.2% of which had conducted outreach vaccination activities as part of the campaign. Overall confidence and perceived usefulness of the CTC approach were very high among both groups (Table 1). Most of the participants felt that the CTC practice was more useful for outreach sessions (Table 2). Health staff identified the top benefits as allowing them to vaccinate more people per day, reduced weight of the vaccine carrier, not needing to return to the health centre every night and not needing to freeze ice packs. More than half of the interviewees (52.4% of supervisors and 54.1% of vaccinators) felt that there was no risk associated with CTC. Those that spoke of risks often raised what can more accurately be termed as concerns, usually about the ability to respect the CTC limits; very few were about efficacy, adverse events or wastage (Table 3). The main difficulties in implementing CTC were identified as reading the indicator and managing the quantity of vaccine that should be taken out of the fridge. A small proportion of staff indicated that avoiding exposing the vaccine to the sun was a challenge (Table 4). 98.