2008). Research has demonstrated the reliability and validity of the 47-item FTCQ (Berlin et al., 2005) and the 47-item TCQ from which it was derived (Heishman et al., 2003, 2004; Singleton, Anderson, & Heishman 2003). The replicable factor structure across Afatinib different conditions, samples, and instruments suggests that the FTCQ-12, like its English counterpart (Heishman et al., 2008), is also a rapid, reliable, and valid measure of the same four constructs of tobacco craving. In summary, we reported the development of a brief version of the FTCQ and examined its reliability, validity, and potential clinical utility. The FTCQ-12 was a significant predictor of several physiological and behavioral correlates of nicotine dependence.

Its use is recommended in clinical settings and smoking cessation clinical trials where time may be limited, yet a multidimensional assessment of tobacco craving is desired. Further analyses are needed to assess the predictive value of the FTCQ-12 for quitting successfully, maintaining abstinence, or relapsing to previous smoking. Funding This study was supported by the French Ministry of Health Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Loco-regional 2004 (AOR04001//P040406, registration number: 050558); by the Agence fran?aise de s��curit�� sanitaire des produits de sant��, Convention Pharmacologie Clinique et Th��rapeutique 2003, RAF02020 and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Declaration of Interests EGS and SJH report no competing interests.

IB reports having received GSK-3 occasional honoraria for participating in advisory panels of Sanofi-Aventis and Pfizer Ltd. Acknowledgments We thank Nicolas Rodon for the conception, management of, and technical assistance for the ADONIS study��s electronic case report form and Shoreh Azimi for the clinical monitoring.
There is a wealth of data supporting the relationship between tobacco and marijuana use (Lai, Lai, Page, & McCoy, 2000; Richter et al., 2004). An estimated 9.5 million Americans (Office of Applied Studies, 2008) currently smoke both substances nationwide. Comorbidity of the two substances is significant in that, in addition to the separate effects of tobacco and marijuana use on psychosocial functioning (Hall, Degenhardt, & Lynskey, 2002; Mathers, Toumbourou, Catalano, Williams, & Patton, 2006), concurrent use of these substances can have a cumulative effect on physical functioning (e.g., chronic pulmonary problems, Taylor et al., 2002). Thus, the adverse consequences of comorbid substance use present significant public health concerns. Accordingly, it is important to identify the psychosocial indicators, which persist over time, of comorbid tobacco and marijuana use.