This was in contrast to studies using a low number of microsatellite markers with a high frequency of null alleles (Buiteveld et al., 2007 and Paffetti et al., 2012), but in line with the results obtained by Rajendra et al. (2014).The low but

significant value of the inbreeding coefficient in the sapling population of the old growth stand was explained by the presence of null alleles at locus Fs3. Both adult populations had genetically distinctive structures that were transferred to the offspring population. However, in the managed population six individuals from regeneration centre I differed in their genetic structure from the rest of the saplings and adults. A private allele at locus Fs5, possibly originating from the same unsampled mother tree (results not shown) found in five of this individuals, can partly explain their distinct genetic structure. selleck products As the centre was formed by natural regeneration, two scenarios may explain the observed state. Firstly, the private allele could have originated PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor from an unsampled adult tree in the vicinity of the regeneration centre. This is a very likely scenario as mean seed dispersal distance is approximately 10 m for beech (Oddou-Muratorio et al., 2010) and spatial genetic structure is reported to extend mainly up to 10 or 20, rarely to 40 m in beech

(Piotti et al., 2013 and Rajendra et al., 2014). The distance from the midpoint of regeneration centre I, where this six individual were sampled, to the closest sampled adult tree was 7 m; all other sampled trees were at least 30 m

from the regeneration centre. Secondly, the distinct genetic structure may have been caused by pollen immigration. This regeneration centre is situated by a forest road, making long distance pollen immigration a convenient way to introduce new alleles. Beech has a high potential for Dehydratase pollen dispersal with mean within population pollen dispersal distances between 40 and 180 m (Oddou-Muratorio et al., 2010, Oddou-Muratorio et al., 2011 and Piotti et al., 2012). In addition, high rates (approximately 75%) of pollen immigration into small to medium size plots were reported (Piotti et al., 2012). Additionally, saplings with the distinct structure could have originated from another mast year than the rest of the saplings; some saplings from this regeneration centre were by 0.5 m taller and up to 2 cm thicker than the rest of the saplings at Osankarica research site. Unfortunately, height and diameter measurements of saplings were not directly linked to the sampled individuals but rather represent averages for the regeneration centres and age of sampled seedlings was not recorded during sampling. As ISS is a long term oriented sylvicultural system with gradual opening of the canopy, seeds from more than one mast year coming from many parent trees will contribute to the new generation – the formation of the new stand.