9 μM NHS and 1.65 μM EDC in 40 mM MES buffer, pH 6.5 was added on the surface of the electrode. The reaction

was left at room temperature for 30 min, while covered to prevent evaporation. The electrode was then transferred to 4 °C and kept there for 24 h. Prior to use, the sensor electrode was washed with 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.2, and distilled water before being dried by pure nitrogen gas. The modified electrode was then immersed into 10 mM 1-dodecane thiol for 20 min in order to provide insulation and to block any pin holes. Cyclic voltammetry, CV/Auto-lab (Utrecht, Netherlands) was used to monitor the results of insulation and immobilization processes [21]. All experiments were performed in a conventional four-electrode flow cell with a dead volume of 10 μL, using a data acquisition DNA Damage inhibitor unit Lumacaftor ic50 (Keithley Instruments, Cleveland, OH, USA) and a potentiostat interfaced with a personal computer (Fig. 1a). Details of the experimental set-up of

the four-electrode flow cell injection capacitive sensor system were described previously [22]. A modified electrode, using 25-mer oligo-C probe immobilized on the surface, was placed into the flow cell and then equilibrated with running buffer (10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.2) at flow rate of 100 μL/min until a stable base line was obtained, followed by injecting 250 μL of a sample in the same buffer. NaOH (50 mM) was applied for intermediate regeneration after hybridization step [23]

in order to break the binding between oligo-C probe and an analyte (oligo-G), and next hence, to facilitate additional measurements. All the measurements made in this study were performed in triplicates, either at room temperature (23 °C, RT) or at elevated temperatures. For the studies that involve the use of elevated temperatures, a column-thermostat, Jetstream 2 (Vienna, Austria) was used. In principle, when a bare electrode surface is subjected to the electrolyte solution, an electrical double layer which consists of adsorbed fixed layer (Stern layer) and a diffuse mobile layer (Gouy–Chapman diffuse layer) is formed at the electrode surface/electrolyte solution interface. The interface between electrode surface and the electrolyte solution (the electric double layer) behaves like a capacitor; i.e., it is capable of storing electric charge [24]. The electrical double layer capacitance could be described by Eq. (1).   equation(1) 1CEDL=1CSL+1CGCwhere, CEDLCEDL is the capacitance of the electrical double layer, CSLCSL is the capacitance of Stern (adsorption layer) layer and CGCCGC is the capacitance of the Gouy–Chapman (diffuse mobile) layer.