1 The defects may vary in size and shape from a loop like, pear-shaped or slightly radiolucent structure to a severe form resembling a ��tooth within a tooth��.4 It can be identified easily because infolding of the enamel lining is more radiopaque than the surrounding tooth structure.1 Oehlers5 described dens in dente selleck according to invagination degree in three forms: Type 1: an enamel-lined minor form occurs within the crown of the tooth and not extending beyond the cemento-enamel junction; Type 2: an enamel-lined form which invades the root as a blind sac and may communicate with the dental pulp; Type 3: a severe form which extends through the root and opens in the apical region without communicating with the pulp. Double dens invaginatus is an extremely rare dental anomaly involving two enamel lined invaginations presented in the crowns or roots of a tooth.

This article reports three cases of double dens invaginatus in maxillary lateral incisors. CASE 1 A 20 year old woman reported to our clinic for orthodontic treatment. The patient was in good general health. Extraoral examination revealed no significant findings. Intraorally the gingiva was inflamed. The maxillary left lateral permanent incisor was found to have an abnormal crown form with restoration. On the palatal surface, lingual cingulum was joined to the labial cusp by a prominent transverse ridge resembling an extra cusp was present which divided the palatal surface into two fossae. Two palatal pits was located and had restored in each fossae.

On radiographic examination of the maxillary left lateral incisor, two dens invaginatus were presented originating from each palatal pit (Figure 1). The tooth had a single root, was vital, and no evidence of periapical infection was noted. Figure 1 Periapical radiograph showing a restorated maxillary left lateral incisor with double dens invaginatus. CASE 2 22 year old woman reported to our clinic for a routine dental treatment. The patient was in good general health. Extraoral examination revealed no significant findings. Intraoral examination, showed a deep anatomic pit on palatal surface of maxillary left lateral permanent incisor. In periapical radiograph two dens invaginatus were seen (Figure 2). The patient had no associated symptoms, and there were no radiographically visible lesions associated with the affected tooth.

The tooth appeared healthy and was vital. The patient was referred for restoration of the palatal pit to avoid possible infection. Figure 2 Periapical radiograph showing a maxillary left lateral incisor Dacomitinib with double dens invaginatus. CASE 3 A 35 year old woman reported to our clinic complaining of pain in the maxillary right central incisor. The patient was in good general health. Extraoral examination revealed no significant findings. In intraoral examination a maxillary right lateral incisor with an abnormal crown form was observed.

This substance is taken by injection and as it is rapidly excreted from the body, Norgesic consumers have to reinjection it every 3 or sellekchem 4 hours to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Although Norgesic has high euphoria but it is rapidly excreted from the body and patients need to inject it frequently. In a study in Iran, the most common complication in heroin users was abscess on injection site and in Norgesic users was endocarditis. 37.5% of admitted patients in Norgesic group died. 70% of patients had fever when they were accepted for treatment and half of them had tachycardia and tachyphea.7 High prevalence and increasing consumption of these substances in society and subsequent osteonecrosis that mostly leads to exchange of hip joint with artificial joints, not only regarded as major surgery but also impose very heavy costs on patients.

On the other hand, high prevalence of young adults and bilateral involvement impose large economic burden on society. The Only successful treatment for advanced stage of osteonecrosis is exchange of joints. Since many cases of osteonecrosis are found in the young people and they are not good candidates for arthroplasty, other methods such as core decompression are also suggested6,8 and cases with complete recovery of avascular necrosis of femoral head following core decompression were reported in high stages. All of these methods have the best outcome when they are done in early stage of osteonecrosis. Moreover, none of these studies were done about core decompression but other methods were 100% successful.

1,2,6,9 Considering the fact that core decompression method is less invasive, the aim of this study was to compare this method of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods In this study, 27 cases of avascular necrosis of femoral head after taking Temgesic and Norgesic took part from 2008 to 2010. Three cases due to the simultaneous existence of lupus and one case due to Hodgkins�� lymphoma were excluded from study. Finally, 23 cases (29 joints) were studied for the final evaluation and follow-up. Patients were examined in terms of age, sex, duration of drug use, frequency of drug injection, the interval between being symptomatic and admission of surgery, involved side, involvement of other joints, coexistence of striae, simultaneous underlying disease, type of surgery, and method of drug taking.

Patients were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups. Since all patients under study were in stage 3 and 4 of FICAT, there was the same proportion of patients with 3 and 4 FICAT in both groups. It means that the involvement rate of femoral head and other features were the same in the two groups and just the type of treatment was different Anacetrapib in these groups. Patients were clinically evaluated on the basis of functional scoring hip before surgery and after surgery.8 This grading consists of three sections and each section has six scores.

1 The defects may vary in size and shape from a loop like, pear-shaped or slightly radiolucent structure to a severe form resembling a ��tooth within a tooth��.4 It can be identified easily because infolding of the enamel lining is more radiopaque than the surrounding tooth structure.1 Oehlers5 described dens in dente Verdinexor (KPT-335)? according to invagination degree in three forms: Type 1: an enamel-lined minor form occurs within the crown of the tooth and not extending beyond the cemento-enamel junction; Type 2: an enamel-lined form which invades the root as a blind sac and may communicate with the dental pulp; Type 3: a severe form which extends through the root and opens in the apical region without communicating with the pulp. Double dens invaginatus is an extremely rare dental anomaly involving two enamel lined invaginations presented in the crowns or roots of a tooth.

This article reports three cases of double dens invaginatus in maxillary lateral incisors. CASE 1 A 20 year old woman reported to our clinic for orthodontic treatment. The patient was in good general health. Extraoral examination revealed no significant findings. Intraorally the gingiva was inflamed. The maxillary left lateral permanent incisor was found to have an abnormal crown form with restoration. On the palatal surface, lingual cingulum was joined to the labial cusp by a prominent transverse ridge resembling an extra cusp was present which divided the palatal surface into two fossae. Two palatal pits was located and had restored in each fossae.

On radiographic examination of the maxillary left lateral incisor, two dens invaginatus were presented originating from each palatal pit (Figure 1). The tooth had a single root, was vital, and no evidence of periapical infection was noted. Figure 1 Periapical radiograph showing a restorated maxillary left lateral incisor with double dens invaginatus. CASE 2 22 year old woman reported to our clinic for a routine dental treatment. The patient was in good general health. Extraoral examination revealed no significant findings. Intraoral examination, showed a deep anatomic pit on palatal surface of maxillary left lateral permanent incisor. In periapical radiograph two dens invaginatus were seen (Figure 2). The patient had no associated symptoms, and there were no radiographically visible lesions associated with the affected tooth.

The tooth appeared healthy and was vital. The patient was referred for restoration of the palatal pit to avoid possible infection. Figure 2 Periapical radiograph showing a maxillary left lateral incisor Dacomitinib with double dens invaginatus. CASE 3 A 35 year old woman reported to our clinic complaining of pain in the maxillary right central incisor. The patient was in good general health. Extraoral examination revealed no significant findings. In intraoral examination a maxillary right lateral incisor with an abnormal crown form was observed.

The results of previous studies in untrained subjects have indicated that food and fluid intake frequency and quantity (Leiper, 2003; despite Husain, 1987), nocturnal sleep duration (Roky, 2004; Margolis, 2004) and daily physical activity (Waterhouse, 2008; Afifi, 1997) are reduced during the month of Ramadan. Furthermore, dehydration (Roky, 2004; Leiper, 2003), variation in hormone levels (Bogdan, 2001), impairment in muscular performances (Bigard, 1998), increase in lipid oxidation (Ramadan, 1999) and decrease in resting metabolic rate and VO2max (Sweileh, 1992) are some of the other changes observed during RF. It has been suggested that energy restriction, dehydration, sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm perturbation are possible factors influencing physical performance during Ramadan (Chaouachi, 2009b; Reilly, 2007).

Since the sporting calendar is not adapted for religious observances, and Muslim athletes continue to compete and train during the Ramadan month, it is important to determine whether this religious fast has any detrimental impact on athletic performance. However, to date, there are only a few studies concerning the effects of RF on physical performance in competitive athletes (Chaouachi, 2009a; Chennaoui, 2009; Kirkendall, 2008; Meckel, 2008; Karli, 2007; Zerguini, 2007). Many coaches and athletes still believe that athletic performance is adversely affected by RF (Chaouachi, 2009b; Leiper, 2008). But at present, there is some evidence to suggest that anaerobic exercise performance (power, speed, agility) is not negatively affected by RF in elite athletes who maintain their normal training regimen during the period of Ramadan (Chaouachi, 2009a; Kirkendall, 2008; Meckel, 2008; Karli, 2007).

There are conflicting reports, however, regarding the influence of RF on aerobic exercise performance in trained athletes. A marked reduction has been reported in some studies (Chennaoui, 2009; Meckel, 2008; Zerguini, 2007), while others have found either no significant change or an increase (Chaouachi, 2009a; Kirkendall, 2008; Karli, 2007) in aerobic exercise performance during the month of Ramadan. For example, in a recent study with elite athletes, Chaouachi et al. (2009a) observed no changes either in maximal aerobic velocity or in VO2max estimated from the shuttle run test during Ramadan. In another study carried out with elite soccer players, Kirkendall et al.

(2008) found that the running distance during the shuttle run test improved significantly by Batimastat the fourth week of Ramadan. However, in contrast to these reports, Zerguini et al. (2007) studied a group of professional soccer players and observed a marked reduction in 12-min run performance at the end of Ramadan. Inconsistent findings have also been reported with regard to the impact of RF on body composition (Chaouachi, 2009a; Chennaoui, 2009; Meckel, 2008; Maughan, 2008; Karli, 2007; Bouhlel, 2006).

The authors also wish to thank Rasit Yediveren for the valuable assistance during the data collection stage.
Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world, especially in Europe. Soccer is characterized by numerous short, explosive exercise bursts interspersed with brief recovery periods over an extended period of time (90 minutes) (Meckel et al., 2009). Soccer performance, selleckbio which depends on the technical skills and physical fitness of the players, is known to significantly influence match performance. The simultaneous use of both technical skills and fitness in soccer training would produce extremely effective performance (Little and Williams, 2007). Agility, acceleration, change of direction, deceleration, and sprinting are regarded as critical technical skills and the main components of soccer training.

The ability to sprint and to change direction while sprinting are determinants of performance in field sports, as evidenced by time and motion analysis (Sheppard and Young, 2006). In many sports, including soccer, athletes are required to accelerate, decelerate, and change direction throughout the game (Docherty et al., 1988). Often, these movements are performed in conjunction with passing, dribbling and striking movements (Abernethy and Russell, 1987; Farrow et al., 2005; Sheppard et al., 2006). Differences between higher and lower performers in anticipation and efficient decision making in accordance with sport-specific stimuli have also been mentioned in relevant literature (Abernethy and Russell, 1987; Tenenbaum et al., 1996; Farrow et al., 2005).

In soccer agility, anticipating the direction and timing of the ball are crucial issues for success (Sheppard et al., 2006). However, few studies have evaluated sport-specific, physical performance tests of agility, including sprints, changes of direction and striking at the goal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel test of agility and striking skill for soccer that involves sprint running, direction changing, and kicking stationary balls to the goal with accurate decision making. The classical T-drill agility test, developed by Semenick (1990), was implemented with four balls and the goal (Figure 1). Figure 1 A diagram and explanation of the new developed agility and skill test for soccer.

Material and Methods Subjects A total of 113 amateur (38) and professional (32) male soccer players from the Turkish League (Kirikkale-wide from Division 3 and 1st Amateurs) (mean �� SD: age: 21.2 �� 3 years; body height: 1.78 �� 5.4 m; body mass: 72.2 �� 8.2 kg; body fat: 12.2 �� 3.9 %; years of experience: 6.8 �� 2.43) and university Entinostat students (43) volunteered to participate in this study. The study protocol and methods were approved by the local institutional ethics committee of the University of Kirikkale, and all subjects gave written informed consent prior to participation.

80% of 1RM) was more effective to velocity improvement. Further, this type of strength training can reduced the risk of injuries compared to heavy resistance training regimens. Finally, this training method can be used with athletes of short resistance training experience as has beeen shown favorably in previous studies with soccer players (Gorostiaga 2004; L��pez-Segovia blog of sinaling pathways 2010). Only one previous study has investigated the muscular power output in the squat in soccer players (Requena, 2009). Yet, no studies have analysed the power output in the full squat exercise in this population. Maximal peak power output reported in the present study was 1181 �� 188W, with an external load equivalent to the 86% of body weight. This result was very similar compared to the values (1149W) claimed by Requena (2009) among semi-professional soccer players.

However, these researchers used the traditional half squat exercise and not the full squat movement. Although similar peak power outputs (1181 vs. 1149) were reported between theses two studies, ours was equivalent to 86% of players body weight, while the experiment conduced with semi-professional soccer players was obtained with 112.5% of BW. These differences could be explained by a different range of motion of these two exercises (half vs. full squat), by different measuring equipment, and by distinct kinematic parameters. Thereby a load equivalent to 55% of 1RM in the half squat represents in a full squat approximately 30�C45% of the subjects maximum capability (Baker 2001).

It is also possible that the differences could be linked to the players experience in resistance-training programs. Baker (2001) observed that professional rugby players produced maximal peak power values with a load equivalent to 104% bodyweight, while in a group of college rugby players the percentage obtained was lower (92%), close to our results. Furthermore, both studies (ours and of Baker, 2001) were conduced with participants who had limited resistance-training experience. Nevertheless, these results seem to indicate that power output could be a determinant factor to identity full squat performance at different levels. Like in loaded countermovement jump, the power output obtained in full squat with lighter loads was more related as running velocity approaches maximum (Table 3).

These relationships are in accordance with the findings of Murphy (2003) showing that at initial acceleration, the application of reactive strength is longer and the stretch shortening cycle is slower that in the last meters of the sprint. The major relationships observed in the last sprint stages Carfilzomib may also indicate individual ability to produce muscle force at higher velocities, and also a better neuromuscular activation during the stretch shortening cycle. The current study showed that the T10 correlated significantly with the average power during the full squat with 30 and 40kg (r= ?0.591, ?0.